A discovery method for a domain name system (DNS) server includes transmitting a DNS query to a local protocol data unit session anchor (L-PSA). The DNS query carries an IP address of a first DNS server edge application server discovery function (EASDF). The method includes, in accordance with a determination that the first DNS server EASDF satisfies an unavailability condition, transmitting a first dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) request to a session management function (SMF). The first DHCP request is used for obtaining an IP address of a second DNS server. The method includes receiving a first DHCP response carrying an IP address of the second DNS server assigned by the SMF.

A discovery method for a domain name system (DNS) server includes transmitting a DNS query to a local protocol data unit session anchor (L-PSA). The DNS query carries an IP address of a first DNS server edge application server discovery function (EASDF). The method includes, in accordance with a determination that the first DNS server EASDF satisfies an unavailability condition, transmitting a first dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) request to a session management function (SMF). The first DHCP request is used for obtaining an IP address of a second DNS server. The method includes receiving a first DHCP response carrying an IP address of the second DNS server assigned by the SMF.

A method of assigning IP addresses to devices of a building control network includes receiving a selection of selected devices of a plurality of devices from a user interface. The selected devices are displayed in a predetermined order on a display. A proposed static IP address for a first device in the predetermined order of the selected devices is received from the user interface. A static IP address is sequentially assigned to each of the selected devices following the first device in accordance with the predetermined order, assuming the subnet mask has been confirmed as valid. The selected devices in the predetermined order along with the assigned static IP addresses for each of the selected devices are displayed on the display. The assigned static IP address for each of the selected devices are downloaded to the corresponding one of the selected devices.

A wireless infrastructure that communicates with a DHCP server and a wireless client that rotates its MAC address performs a method including: upon receiving, from the wireless client, a first request with a first MAC address, creating a session context including the first MAC address and a stable identifier, and relaying the first request to the DHCP server; relaying, from the DHCP server to the wireless client, a first DHCP reply that includes an Internet Protocol (IP) address bound to the stable identifier; upon receiving, from the wireless client, a second request with the IP address and a second MAC address, merging the second MAC address and the IP address into the session context, and relaying, to the DHCP server, the second request including the stable identifier; and relaying, from the DHCP server to the wireless client, a second DHCP reply including the IP address bound to the stable identifier.

A wireless infrastructure that communicates with a DHCP server and a wireless client that rotates its MAC address performs a method including: upon receiving, from the wireless client, a first request with a first MAC address, creating a session context including the first MAC address and a stable identifier, and relaying the first request to the DHCP server; relaying, from the DHCP server to the wireless client, a first DHCP reply that includes an Internet Protocol (IP) address bound to the stable identifier; upon receiving, from the wireless client, a second request with the IP address and a second MAC address, merging the second MAC address and the IP address into the session context, and relaying, to the DHCP server, the second request including the stable identifier; and relaying, from the DHCP server to the wireless client, a second DHCP reply including the IP address bound to the stable identifier.

A BRAS system-based packet encapsulation method includes obtaining user access information when receiving a user access protocol packet and performing VXLAN GPE encapsulation on the user access protocol packet based on the user access information. The encapsulation structure includes a user information header that is used to store the user access information, and a quantity of bytes occupied by the user information header is less than or equal to 12. In this application, the foregoing encapsulation structure is used to encapsulate a packet.

A BRAS system-based packet encapsulation method includes obtaining user access information when receiving a user access protocol packet and performing VXLAN GPE encapsulation on the user access protocol packet based on the user access information. The encapsulation structure includes a user information header that is used to store the user access information, and a quantity of bytes occupied by the user information header is less than or equal to 12. In this application, the foregoing encapsulation structure is used to encapsulate a packet.

A Zero Touch Provisioning (ZTP) client, such as a network element, includes one or more processors and memory comprising instructions that, when executed, cause the one or more processors to configure an unnumbered interface to communicate via Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) and communicate to a server over a network, wherein the unnumbered interface is an interface which does not have an IPv6 address which is routable in the network, auto provision Open Shortest Path First version 3 (OSPFv3) based on a reply from a DHCPv6 relay agent, and request data from the network for provisioning.

A hybrid network system, a communication method and a network node are provided. The hybrid network system includes a combined network system architecture of a point-to-point network and a broadcast network, the point-to-point network is provided with a plurality of point-to-point channels, and each network node can send a message to a corresponding network node or receive the message from the corresponding network node through the point-to-point channel; the broadcast network is provided with a plurality of broadcast channels, and each broadcast channel can only have one sender at most at the same time, but can have a plurality of receivers; at least a part of network nodes have the capability of sending messages to be broadcast, at least a part of network nodes have the capability of receiving the broadcast messages, and at least some network nodes are configured to select the broadcast network or the point-to-point network at least according to communication tasks to be executed per se to complete the communication tasks to be executed. Preferably, each network node has the capability of sending and receiving the broadcast message. The hybrid network system of the embodiment of the present invention has high flexibility and high communication performance.

A display apparatus, an electronic apparatus, and operating methods thereof. The display apparatus includes a display, a memory to store one or more instructions, and a processor configured to execute the one or more instructions stored in the memory. The processor executes the one or more instructions to receive a request for a connection with an electronic apparatus, identify a host address in an Internet protocol (IP) address of the display apparatus by referring to a subnet mask of the display apparatus, convert the identified host address into a string comprising one or more characters according to a predefined scheme, display the string on the display, receive a connection request from the electronic apparatus based on representation of the IP address of the display apparatus according to the string displayed on the display, and establish the connection with the electronic apparatus having transmitted the request for the connection.