A scalable video decoder is described which is configured to reconstruct a base layer signal from a coded data stream to obtain a reconstructed base layer signal; and reconstruct an enhancement layer signal including spatially or temporally predicting a portion of an enhancement layer signal, currently to be reconstructed, from an already reconstructed portion of the enhancement layer signal to obtain an enhancement layer internal prediction signal; forming, at the portion currently to be reconstructed, a weighted average of an inter-layer prediction signal obtained from the reconstructed base layer signal, and the enhancement layer internal prediction signal to obtain an enhancement layer prediction signal such that a weighting between the inter-layer prediction signal and the enhancement layer internal prediction signal varies over different spatial frequency components; and predictively reconstructing the enhancement layer signal using the enhancement layer prediction signal.

When removing a block distortion occurring in a local decoded image, a loop filtering part 11 of an image coding device carries out a filtering process on each of signal components (a luminance signal component and color difference signal components) after setting the intensity of a filter for removing the block distortion for each of the signal components according to a coding mode (an intra coding mode or an inter coding mode) selected by a coding controlling part 1.

When removing a block distortion occurring in a local decoded image, a loop filtering part 11 of an image coding device carries out a filtering process on each of signal components (a luminance signal component and color difference signal components) after setting the intensity of a filter for removing the block distortion for each of the signal components according to a coding mode (an intra coding mode or an inter coding mode) selected by a coding controlling part 1.

Information available from coding/decoding the base layer. i.e. base-layer hints, is exploited to render the motion-compensated prediction of the enhancement layer more efficient by more efficiently coding the enhancement layer motion parameters.

A method of decoding video, the method including receiving and parsing a bitstream which includes encoded video; extracting encoded image data relating to a current picture, which image data is assigned to at least one maximum coding unit, information relating to a coded depth and an encoding mode for each of the at least one maximum coding unit, and filter coefficient information for performing loop filtering on the current picture, from the bitstream; decoding the encoded image data in units of the at least one maximum coding unit, based on the information relating to the coded depth and the encoding mode for each of the at least one maximum coding unit; and performing deblocking on the decoded image data relating to the current picture, and performing loop filtering on the deblocked data, based on continuous one-dimensional (1D) filtering.

When removing a block distortion occurring in a local decoded image, a loop filtering part 11 of an image coding device carries out a filtering process on each of signal components (a luminance signal component and color difference signal components) after setting the intensity of a filter for removing the block distortion for each of the signal components according to a coding mode (an intra coding mode or an inter coding mode) selected by a coding controlling part 1.

Provided are methods and apparatuses for encoding and decoding a motion vector including a method of decoding that includes obtaining a current coding unit hierarchically split from a maximum coding unit according to a current depth, obtaining a prediction mode information of a current prediction unit in the current coding unit from bitstream, when a prediction mode of the current prediction unit is inter-prediction mode, determining motion vector predictor candidates from among motion vectors of neighboring prediction units adjacent to the current prediction unit, and determining a motion vector predictor of the current prediction unit from among the motion vector predictor candidates, wherein the neighboring prediction unit comprises a first block directly to the left side of a leftmost block among blocks located directly to a bottom side of the current prediction unit and a second block located directly to a upper side of the first block.

The present disclosure relates to deblocking filtering, which may be advantageously applied for block-wise encoding and decoding of images or video signals. In particular, the present disclosure relates to an improved memory management in an automated decision on whether to apply or skip deblocking filtering for a block and to selection of the deblocking filter. The decision is performed on the basis of a segmentation of blocks in such a manner that memory usage is optimized. Preferably, the selection of appropriate deblocking filters is improved so as to reduce computational expense.

An encoding device evaluates a plurality of processing and/or post-processing algorithms and/or methods to be applied to a video stream, and signals a selected method, algorithm, class or category of methods/algorithms either in an encoded bitstream or as side information related to the encoded bitstream. A decoding device or post-processor utilizes the signaled algorithm or selects an algorithm/method based on the signaled method or algorithm. The selection is based, for example, on availability of the algorithm/method at the decoder/post-processor and/or cost of implementation. The video stream may comprise, for example, downsampled multiplexed stereoscopic images and the selected algorithm may include any of upconversion and/or error correction techniques that contribute to a restoration of the downsampled images.

Some embodiments include apparatuses and methods having a conductive line, a memory cell string including memory cells located in different levels the apparatus, and a select circuit including a select transistor and a coupling component coupled between the conductive line and the memory cell string. Other embodiments including additional apparatuses and methods are described.