A user equipment (UE) for wireless communication is disclosed. The UE includes one or more non-transitory computer-readable media having computer-executable instructions embodied hereon, and at least one processor coupled to the one or more nontransitory computer-readable media, and configured to execute the computer-executable instructions to provide a measurement report to a source base station and receive a handover command through the source base station. The measurement report includes measurements of a target base station associated with a first universal subscriber identity module (USIM) of the UE. The handover command contains information of the target base station and information of at least one candidate target base station associated with a second USIM of the UE.

A method of updating a PDU session and a network-side device are provided. The method includes: after a User Equipment UE moves across PLMNs or across systems, determining that the UE has a first PDU session of which an anchor SMF is not in a current PLMN; determining a Session Management Function V-SMF in a Visited Public Land Mobile Network VPLMN for the first PDU session, and updating the first PDN session by using the V-SMF.

Apparatuses, methods, and systems are disclosed for paging multi-SIM devices in the same network. One apparatus includes a first subscriber identity module (“SIM”), a second SIM, a processor and a transceiver that communicates with at least one communication network. The processor registers with a first communication network using the first SIM and registers with a second communication network using the second SIM. Here, the registration with the first communication network is associated with a first identifier, wherein registering with the second communication network includes indicating the first identifier to the second communication network upon determining that the first communication network and the second communication network are the same communication network.

A disclosure of the present specification provides a method for performing, by a visited public land mobile network-policy control function (V-PCF), communication using edge computing. The method comprises the steps of: establishing UE policy association with a home public land mobile network-policy control function (H-PCF); receiving a first subscription message from the H-PCF; and transmitting a second subscription message to a visited public land mobile network-unified data repository (V-UDR). The first subscription message is a message that requests a notification, according to edge application server (EAS) information being updated or modified, the second subscription message is a message that requests a notification, according to the EAS information being updated or modified, the second subscription message is based on the first subscription message, and the EAS information may be information that is generated by an application function (AF) and transmitted to the V-UDR.

Seamless client roaming for Multi-Link Device (MLD) clients may be provided. First, a Traffic Identifier (TID)-to-link map may be established by an Upper Service Access Point (U-SAP) of a multi-AP MLD entity that assigns subsets of TIDs to at least two links of the entity. For example, a client device logically associates with the U-SAP, while the client device physically connects to a first and second AP of the entity on a respective first and second link, where the first and second AP include first and second Lower Service Access Points (L-SAPs) and are non-collocated. Next, using the map, data received at the U-SAP is directed over one of the two links for transmission to the client device. Further, frame aggregation and block acknowledgment functions may be performed by one of the first or second L-SAP based on whether data transmission is over the first or second link.

Seamless client roaming for Multi-Link Device (MLD) clients may be provided. First, a Traffic Identifier (TID)-to-link map may be established by an Upper Service Access Point (U-SAP) of a multi-AP MLD entity that assigns subsets of TIDs to at least two links of the entity. For example, a client device logically associates with the U-SAP, while the client device physically connects to a first and second AP of the entity on a respective first and second link, where the first and second AP include first and second Lower Service Access Points (L-SAPs) and are non-collocated. Next, using the map, data received at the U-SAP is directed over one of the two links for transmission to the client device. Further, frame aggregation and block acknowledgment functions may be performed by one of the first or second L-SAP based on whether data transmission is over the first or second link.

Provided is a method performed by a user equipment (UE), the method including receiving roaming information including visited public land mobile network (PLMN) information from an access and mobility management function (AMF); selecting a PLMN among at least one PLMN identified based on verification of the received roaming information; transmitting a message to release a protocol data unit (PDU) session previously established at the UE to a session management function (SMF); performing PDU session release based on a response message for the transmitted message; and transmitting a message to register the selected PLMN.

The disclosure relates to a 5G or 6G communication system for supporting a higher data transmission rate. Embodiments herein provide a method for handling a RPLMN during a disaster situation in a wireless network by a UE. In an embodiment, the method includes selecting RPLMN as PLMN with the disaster condition for accessing the disaster roaming services in response to determining that the RPLMN is included in a list of PLMNs with disaster condition for which disaster roaming services is offered by another PLMN and is allowable. In another embodiment, the method includes skipping the RPLMN and determining a PLMN with disaster condition for acessing the disaster roaming services in response to determining that the at least one PLMN is not included in the list of PLMNs with the disaster condition for which disaster roaming services is offered by the another PLMN or is not allowable.

There is provided an apparatus comprising at least one processor and at least one memory including a computer program code, the at least one memory and computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to: receive, at a first network repository function in a first network from a security edge protection proxy in a second network, a request for discovering one or more roaming hubs and/or security edge protection proxies in the first network; and send, from the first network repository function to the security edge protection proxy in the second network, a response comprising information identifying the one or more roaming hubs and/or security edge protection proxies in the first network and information identifying one or more further networks which can be reached via a respective roaming hub and/or security edge protection proxy in the first network.

A first carrier may support inbound roaming requests for subscribers of a trusted second carrier. For example, the first carrier may receive an inbound roaming request from a UE. The first carrier may determine a second carrier that is a home carrier of the UE is a trusted carrier associated with the first carrier. In response, an IMS procedure associated with the UE may be performed including communicating, by a first CSCF node of the first carrier, with a first HSS of the second carrier, using a same protocol as used by the first CSCF node to communicate with a second HSS of the first carrier and communicating, by the first CSCF node, with a first AS of the second carrier, using a same protocol as used by the first CSCF node to communicate with a second AS of the first carrier.