The present disclosure relates to session establishment methods, systems, and devices. One example method includes obtaining, by a first mobility management entity, information about a packet data network (PDN) connection that has been established when a terminal accesses an evolved packet core (EPC) network, and obtaining, by the first mobility management entity, single network slice selection assistance information (S-NSSAI) of a network slice corresponding to the PDN connection.

An interworking gateway for X2 interface communication is disclosed, comprising: an X2 internal interface for communicating with, and coupled to, a plurality of radio access networks (RANs) using a X2AP protocol; a database for associating each of the plurality of RANs with support status for an X2AP protocol version; an X2AP interworking broker for determining, based on communications with each of the plurality of RANs via the X2 internal interface, the support status for an X2AP protocol version for each of the plurality of RANs, the communications further comprising an observed response to a X2AP message of a first X2AP protocol version; and an X2 external interface for communicating with, and coupled to, a destination outside of the plurality of RANs.

A radio access network handover method of a base station in a 5G radio access network (5G-RAN) is are disclosed. The method comprising: determining handing over a user equipment (UE) to an Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); transmitting a handover requirement message to an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF); receiving a handover command message from the AMF and transmitting the handover command message to the UE, the handover message such that the UE is handed over from the 5G-RAN to the E-UTRAN; and performing indirect data forwarding to a base station in the E-UTRAN.

Apparatuses, methods, and systems are disclosed for transferring a data connection to a radio access network. One method includes receiving, at a remote unit, an indication to handover from a first radio access network to a second radio access network. The method includes determining, after receiving the indication, that at least one data connection of the remote unit is unable to be transferred to the second radio access network. The method includes determining that the at least one data connection of the remote unit is able to be transferred to a third radio access network within a first time duration. The method includes transmitting, within the first time duration, a data connection request to reestablish the at least one data connection over the third radio access network.

A method performed by a UE for obtaining positioning assistance data from a location server, wherein the UE and the location server are operating in a wireless communications network. The UE receives a system information broadcast from a radio network node. The UE further transmits a request for positioning assistance data to the location server in case the UE does not obtain the needed positioning assistance data via the radio network node broadcast system information. The UE further obtains carrier and/or RAT information used for the positioning assistance data broadcast. The UE further reselects or is redirected to the carrier and/or RAT used for the positioning assistance data broadcast.

Aspects of the present disclosure propose solutions to a problem of mobility interruption during handover between base stations by providing a UE with mechanisms to report the UE capability for simultaneous connectivity based handover, or so-called Dual Active Protocol Stack Handover (DAPS-HO). A UE reports the DAPS-HO capability of the UE to the network and then the base station initiates physical layer procedures to carry out DAPS-HO in accordance with the DAPS-HO capability reported by the UE. Aspects of the present disclosure also provide examples of signaling that may be used by the UE for reporting DAPS-HO capability to the network and the physical layer procedures that the UE may follow in accordance with the configuration that the network provides to the UE, which should be in accordance with the UE's capability.

A network handover method and a terminal device, the method including obtaining, by a terminal device, a link quality parameter of a data link of the terminal device, determining that a 5G system accessed by the terminal device is unavailable in response to the link quality parameter meeting a specified condition, and handing over from the 5G system to a non-5G system in response to the 5G system being unavailable, where the link quality parameter includes quantities of uplink and downlink data packets received in a duration, and here the specified condition comprises the quantity of downlink data packets received in the duration by exceeding a first threshold and a quantity of sent uplink data packets being 0, or a quantity of uplink data packets sent in the duration exceeding a second threshold and the quantity of received downlink data packets being 0.

A cable communications network provides an alternative communications path between a user equipment device and a data network to a cellular path for a communications session with a desired level of Quality of Service. A cable modem termination system, coupled to a wireless core network, e.g., a 5G core network, interacts with the wireless core network to attempt to establish a PDU session for a UE with a desired QoS level. The core sends a QoS service request message to the CMTS including a requested level of QoS, an IP address and port number for the session. The CMTS and cable modem, corresponding to the UE, negotiate and decide if the request desired QoS level can be supported over the cable between the CMTS and the cable mode for the session.

The present disclosure relates to a pre-5.sup.th-Generation (5G) or 5G communication system to be provided for supporting higher data rates Beyond 4.sup.th-Generation (4G) communication system such as Long Term Evolution (LTE). According to embodiments, an access and mobility management function (AMF) comprises at least one transceiver; and at least one processor, wherein the at least one processor is configured to receive, a mobility management entity (MME) for an evolved node B (eNB), a message associated with a handover required message for an inter-system handover from an evolved packet system (EPS) to 5G system (5GS) with a secondary gNB (SgNB) used as a target next generation node B (gNB), wherein the SgNB and the target gNB are co-located and the eNB is associated with the SgNB in a dual connectivity; transmit, to the target gNB, a handover request message for the inter-system handover from the EPS to 5GS with the SgNB used as the target gNB; and receive, from the target gNB, an acknowledge of the handover request message. The handover required message includes an SgNB user equipment (UE) X2 application protocol ID (SgNB UE X2AP ID) for identifying a UE over X2 interface in the SgNB. The handover request message includes the SgNB UE X2AP ID, and the SgNB UE X2AP ID is allocated at the SgNB.

A method of processing state information relating to user equipment in a communications system comprising a radio access network, the method comprising: maintaining current state information relating to the user equipment; and on the basis of a change of connection of the user equipment from a first cell to a second cell: transmitting a current value associated with a given state information part to the target radio access node in response to detecting at least one of one or more predetermined triggers that indicate that the target radio access node may not have received the current value from the source radio access node; or relying on the target radio access node having received the current value from the source radio access node if said at least one of said one or more predetermined triggers is not detected.