Methods and systems for predicting at least one temperature along a fluid flow path of a fluid flow system having a heater disposed in the fluid flow path are provided. In one example, a method includes: obtaining at least one input, wherein the at least one input includes a setpoint, a mass flow rate, an inlet temperature, or a combination thereof; calculating a temperature associated with the heater based on a predefined model and the at least one input; and setting a value of the at least one temperature along the fluid flow path to the temperature of the heater.

A windowpane system (101) comprising: a windowpane (102); and at least one primary light source (105); each primary light source (105) being arranged so that light (106) from the primary light source (105) passes into the windowpane (102) through a first surface of the windowpane (102), the light (106) then travelling within the windowpane until it has undergone total internal reflection from one or more second surfaces of the windowpane a plurality of times, wherein at least some of the light from the primary light source is absorbed by the windowpane as the light from the primary light source passes through the windowpane.

An electric heating and capacitive sensing arrangement that includes: an electrically conductive heating track arranged on a surface of a planar substrate, the electrically conductive track being connectable to a current source so that during a heating operation a current flows through the electrically conductive track. The electrically conductive track is connectable to a capacitive sensing circuit so that during a sensing operation a capacitive sensing signal is applied to the electrically conductive track. The electrically conductive track has at least a first and a second heating track section extending at a distance along each other on the substrate, whereby a gap is formed between the first and the second heating track section. The heating and sensing arrangement further includes a layer of electrically conductive material arranged on the surface of the substrate in the gap between the first and the second heating track section.

A control system for use in a fluid flow application includes a heater and a control device. The heater includes at least one resistive heating element having a relationship between resistance and temperature defining a non-monotonic curve. The heater is to heat fluid flow. The control device is to determine a flow characteristic of the fluid flow and a temperature of the at least one resistive heating element along the non-monotonic curve between resistance and temperature based on a change in resistance of the at least one resistive heating element.

An electrical heating device for a motor vehicle includes a housing which encloses a heating chamber which is coupled in a thermally conductive manner to an electrical resistance element and which encloses a control device. The electric heating device further has a pressure equalizing device for equalizing a pressure difference between the interior of the housing and the environment of the housing. The pressure equalizing device is sealingly inserted in a receiving bore which is formed to receive the pressure equalizing device and which is recessed in the housing.