To provide a heating apparatus and a method for producing a plate-like object that can heat a heating target object uniformly. The heating apparatus includes a heater 10 for heating target object W, and a support member 20 disposed on a front face 11f of the heater 10 and for supporting a face Wf of the heating target object W. The support member 20 supports the heating target object W in such a manner that: the support member 20 prevents direct heat transfer between the face Wf and the support member 20; a clearance between the front face 11f and the face Wf is maintained in a predetermined clearance S, wherein the predetermined clearance S allows a fluid to be present in the clearance but does not induce convection of the fluid. The method includes supporting the heating target object W with the support member 20, and heating the heating target object W with the heater 10 to produce the plate-like object.

A method and system for UV detection of sterilant concentration and dissipation in a volume of a chamber may comprise focusing cameras on at least one point of an object in the chamber; transmitting UV light and sterilant into the chamber; scanning, using the cameras, the at least one point of the object and determining an amount of absorbance at the points; calculating, using the amount of absorbance, a concentration of the sterilant for each of the one or more points; and when the concentration is greater than a threshold, removing the sterilant from the volume. The sterilant may be hydrogen peroxide. The cameras may be stereoscopic cameras. The chamber may be partitioned into a grid of voxels for scanning.

An electronic cigarette includes a laser and a replaceable atomiser. A reservoir is provided for storing a vaporisable liquid. The replaceable atomiser includes a light guide, an absorber and a vaporisation chamber. A liquid inlet in the atomiser provides a flow path for liquid in the reservoir to flow towards the absorber and the vaporisation chamber. The light guide is configured to couple light from the laser towards the absorber which can generate heat by absorbing the emitted light and this can cause vaporisation of the vaporisable liquid. When the light guide becomes dirty or contaminated it can be replaced simply by replacing the atomiser.

A wax warmer includes a body, an electrical assembly, a base plate, and a sleeve. The electrical assembly is positioned within an interior space of the body and includes an electrical cord that extends outside the body. The sleeve forms an electrical barrier positioned within the interior space and surrounding the electrical assembly. The sleeve is coupled to the base plate and a portion of the electrical cord that passes through an opening in the sleeve is retained by the base plate and the sleeve.

A wax warmer includes a body, a top plate disposed adjacent a top end of the body, a base plate disposed adjacent a bottom end of the body, an electrical assembly positioned within an interior space of the body, the electrical assembly in electrical communication with an electrical cord, and a sleeve. The sleeve forms an electrical barrier positioned within the interior space and surrounding the electrical assembly, and the sleeve defines a slot configured to provide passage for the electrical cord.

A wax warmer includes a body, an electrical assembly positioned within an interior space of the body, and a sleeve positioned within the interior space. The sleeve surrounds and provides a barrier to the electrical assembly.

A vaporizer includes a reservoir (or cartridge) to hold a precursor composition. The reservoir has a passageway that is configured to not allow the free flow of the precursor composition out of the reservoir at ambient temperatures. An infrared radiation source, when activated, heats the precursor composition reducing its viscosity. An entrainment passageway is in communication with an exterior end of the passageway such that when an air flow is induced to pass through the entrainment passageway, the air flow draws the heated precursor composition from the passageway entrains it in the air flow. The entrained precursor may be vaporized and/or further vaporized by heat from the infrared radiation source before being inhaled by the user.

A substrate processing apparatus includes a processing chamber configured to accommodate a substrate; a supply flow path configured to supply a processing fluid into the processing chamber; a heating mechanism configured to heat the processing fluid flowing through the supply flow path; a first temperature sensor configured to detect a temperature of the processing fluid downstream of the heating mechanism; a pressure sensor configured to detect a pressure of the processing fluid downstream of the heating mechanism; and a controller. The controller controls an output of the heating mechanism based on the pressure of the processing fluid detected by the pressure sensor and the temperature of the processing fluid detected by the first temperature sensor.

A device for transferring an active substance to a gas phase, which active substance contains at least one organic component, includes: a reservoir, which is designed to receive the active substance; and a heating element, which is made from a film of a nickel-chromium alloy or a refractory metal, wherein the heating element is designed to emit thermal radiation, and wherein the heating element is arranged with respect to the reservoir such that the active substance is heated at least by the thermal radiation emitted from the heating element.

The present application discloses a heater and a smoking set including the heater. The heater includes: a base, having an inner surface and an outer surface; an infrared radiation layer, formed on the surface of the base; the infrared radiation layer is configured to generate infrared rays and at least heat an aerosol-forming matrix by radiation; a heating body arranged at the periphery of the base, and used to receive electric power from a power supply to generate heat. The heating body is configured to transfer the heat to heat the infrared radiation layer to generate the infrared rays. According to the present application, the infrared radiation layer is heated up by the heating body so that the infrared radiation layer generates infrared radiation to heat the aerosol-forming matrix, thereby reducing the preheating time of the aerosol-forming matrix and improving the user experience.