An ice detector apparatus for an aircraft includes a heater strip and a temperature sensor. The heater strip is configured to be mounted to an external surface of an aircraft and the temperature sensor is coupled to the heater strip. The temperature sensor is configured to detect a temperature profile of the heater strip, wherein the temperature profile is indicative of an extent of icing. The temperature profile may be indicative of whether the aircraft is operating in an appendix C icing-envelope or an appendix O icing-envelope. The temperature sensor may include a plurality of temperature sensors coupled along a length of the heater strip, such that the temperature profile comprises a spatial temperature map of the heater strip.

A defrosting system for defrosting an evaporator assembly is disclosed. The system includes the evaporator assembly, an electrically resistive coating having an electrically insulative matrix and a conductive doping agent disposed on at least one surface of the evaporator assembly, and a plurality of electrical terminals arranged and disposed to supply electricity to the electrically resistive coating. A method for defrosting an evaporator assembly and a coating for heating evaporator assemblies are also disclosed.

A ceramic heater is provided in an electronic component, and by supplying electrical current thereto, a heat generating portion thereof is heated to a temperature of greater than or equal to 700[° C.] and less than 950[° C.]. An energizing current waveform of the electrical current to the heat generating portion is a pulse waveform, and a product of a pulse voltage Vp [V] and a period T [ms] of the pulse waveform is less than or equal to 600 [V.Math.ms].

Devices for generating and releasing vapor. In particular, described herein are portable devices for generating a low-temperature inhalable vapor having an elongated tubular body containing a vaporization chamber and a battery-powered heater, a removable mouthpiece covering the vaporization chamber, a display configured to indicate the temperature of the vaporization chamber; a microcontroller configured to regulate the temperature of the vaporization chamber, and a control to select from among a variety of temperature settings.

The invention provides liquid compositions comprising conductive carbon particles and/or carbon nanoparticles, a thickening agent, and a solvent. The carbon nanoparticles are preferably a mixture of graphite nanoplatelets and carbon nanotubes and the thickening agent is preferably a cellulose derivative. The liquid compositions can be used as ink to print highly conductive films that adhere to paper substrates.

An electric heating device includes a housing having a partition wall which separates a connection chamber from a heating chamber for dissipating heat and from which at least one receiving pocket protrudes into the heating chamber as a heating rib. A PTC heating device with at least one PTC element and conductor tracks for energizing the PTC element with different polarities, which are electrically conductively connected to the latter and which are electrically connected in the connection chamber, are received in the housing. The PTC element and at least one of the conductor tracks are received in a heater casing. The heater casing is pressed into the receiving pocket subject to plastic deformation of the heater casing and/or the receiving pocket.

A heating unit includes a heater, a temperature sensor, an endless belt, a holder, a first heat conductive member, and a second heat conductive member. The first heat conductive member includes a first heater-side surface facing the heater, a first opposite surface, and an opening. The first heat conductive member has a heat conductivity higher than that of the substrate. The second heat conductive member includes a second heater-side surface facing the heater and a second opposite surface. The second heat conductive member is positioned at a position corresponding to the opening when viewed in an orthogonal direction orthogonal to the first opposite surface. The temperature sensor is in contact with the second opposite surface of the second heat conductive member.

Disclosed herein are methods and systems to vaporize extract, plant material containing organic material and the like, including a removable carriage with a chamber having an annular wall with and an open side within the removable carriage. The chamber having at least one intake inlet fluidly connected with the chamber and at least one outlet configured to connect the chamber to an inhalation opening. The carriage fits into a base which includes a controller and power supply. The base provides at least two heating elements oriented to cover the open side of the chamber when the carriage is fully inserted, an insulator separating the two heating elements; and, two temperature sensors each one in thermal contact with a heating element and in signal communication with the controller.

In one or more arrangements, a heating system is provided having one or more heating panels positioned in a housing. The housing has a hollow interior with an open lower end. A first panel is positioned in the open lower end of the housing. The first heating panel includes a heating layer. The heating layer includes a conductive microfilm. A first electrical contact is connected to the conductive microfilm. A second electrical contact is connected to the conductive microfilm. In one or more arrangements, the conductive microfilm includes at least one layer of graphene or nanofiber carbon material. Application of a voltage difference between the first electrical contact and the second electrical contact causes current to flow through the conductive microfilm, thereby generating heat. In one or more arrangements, current which flows through the conductive microfilm causes the conductive microfilm to emit infrared radiation.

A resistance heater may include a polymer positive temperature coefficient (PPTC) material, arranged in a ring shape that defines a heater body; and an electrode assembly, comprising two or more electrodes arranged in contact with the heater body at two or more locations, wherein PPTC material comprises: a polymer matrix, the polymer matrix defining a PPTC body; and a conductive filler component, disposed in the polymer matrix.