A silicon wafer is provided in which a dopant is phosphorus, resistivity is 1.2 mΩ.Math.cm or less, and carbon concentration is 3.5×10.sup.15 atoms/cm.sup.3 or more. The carbon concentration is decreased by 10% or more near a surface of the silicon wafer compared with a center-depth of the silicon wafer.

A silicon wafer is provided in which a dopant is phosphorus, resistivity is 1.2 mΩ.Math.cm or less, and carbon concentration is 3.5×10.sup.15 atoms/cm.sup.3 or more. The carbon concentration is decreased by 10% or more near a surface of the silicon wafer compared with a center-depth of the silicon wafer.

An applicator machine and a process for heating and coating a section of pipeline. The applicator machine includes a frame configured to rotate about a section of pipeline to be heated and coated, rotating means operable to rotate the frame, and coating material applicators induction coils and radiant heaters mounted on the frame and rotatable therewith. The induction coil is configured to heat a section of pipeline adjacent to the induction coil to a coating material application temperature. The radiant heaters are configured to heat factory-applied coatings. Each coating material applicator sprays coating material through an aperture in a respective induction coil. The applicator includes an enclosure configured to surround a section of pipeline and provision for evacuating and collecting waste coating material. The coating material applicator may be configured to spray powder coating material, such as fusion bonded epoxy powder material and/or chemically modified polypropylene powder material.

An applicator machine and a process for heating and coating a section of pipeline. The applicator machine includes a frame configured to rotate about a section of pipeline to be heated and coated, rotating means operable to rotate the frame, and coating material applicators induction coils and radiant heaters mounted on the frame and rotatable therewith. The induction coil is configured to heat a section of pipeline adjacent to the induction coil to a coating material application temperature. The radiant heaters are configured to heat factory-applied coatings. Each coating material applicator sprays coating material through an aperture in a respective induction coil. The applicator includes an enclosure configured to surround a section of pipeline and provision for evacuating and collecting waste coating material. The coating material applicator may be configured to spray powder coating material, such as fusion bonded epoxy powder material and/or chemically modified polypropylene powder material.

An applicator machine and a process for heating and coating a section of pipeline. The applicator machine includes a frame configured to rotate about a section of pipeline to be heated and coated, rotating means operable to rotate the frame, and coating material applicators induction coils and radiant heaters mounted on the frame and rotatable therewith. The induction coil is configured to heat a section of pipeline adjacent to the induction coil to a coating material application temperature. The radiant heaters are configured to heat factory-applied coatings. Each coating material applicator sprays coating material through an aperture in a respective induction coil. The applicator includes an enclosure configured to surround a section of pipeline and provision for evacuating and collecting waste coating material. The coating material applicator may be configured to spray powder coating material, such as fusion bonded epoxy powder material and/or chemically modified polypropylene powder material.

An applicator machine and a process for heating and coating a section of pipeline. The applicator machine includes a frame configured to rotate about a section of pipeline to be heated and coated, rotating means operable to rotate the frame, and coating material applicators induction coils and radiant heaters mounted on the frame and rotatable therewith. The induction coil is configured to heat a section of pipeline adjacent to the induction coil to a coating material application temperature. The radiant heaters are configured to heat factory-applied coatings. Each coating material applicator sprays coating material through an aperture in a respective induction coil. The applicator includes an enclosure configured to surround a section of pipeline and provision for evacuating and collecting waste coating material. The coating material applicator may be configured to spray powder coating material, such as fusion bonded epoxy powder material and/or chemically modified polypropylene powder material.

A production apparatus and method for electric arc furnace steelmaking with a fully continuous ultra-short process are provided. A continuous adding, melting, smelting and continuous casting of a metal material are integrated, and a metallurgy process is completed in a flowing of a molten steel, to realize a continuous production of ingot blanks. The production apparatus includes four operation sites of an electric arc furnace for melting and primary refining, a sealed tapping chute for molten steel flowing, a refinement storage bed for molten-steel desulfurization and alloying and a conticaster for continuous casting A material flow, an energy flow and a time stream in the four operation sites are in a dynamic equilibrium. The production apparatus and method realize a molten-steel casting is started within 120 minutes after the metal material is started to be continuously added, and an uninterrupted continuous production is maintained for above 80 hours.

The invention relates to an EIGA coil (10) for partial melting an electrode (40). The EIGA coil (10) comprises a plurality of windings (12A, 12B, 12C) which are coaxially arranged with respect to a center axis (M) and axially spaced from each other, wherein each of the plurality of windings (12A, 12B, 12C) is formed in the shape of a ring interrupted by a gap (14A, 14B, 14C) and equidistant with respect to the center axis (M) and extending in a plane perpendicular to the center axis (M). Adjacent windings (12A, 12B; 12B, 12C) of the plurality of windings (12A, 12B, 12C) are respectively connected to each other via a connecting portion (20AB, 20BC; 120AB, 120BC).

The invention relates to an EIGA coil (10) for partial melting an electrode (40). The EIGA coil (10) comprises a plurality of windings (12A, 12B, 12C) which are coaxially arranged with respect to a center axis (M) and axially spaced from each other, wherein each of the plurality of windings (12A, 12B, 12C) is formed in the shape of a ring interrupted by a gap (14A, 14B, 14C) and equidistant with respect to the center axis (M) and extending in a plane perpendicular to the center axis (M). Adjacent windings (12A, 12B; 12B, 12C) of the plurality of windings (12A, 12B, 12C) are respectively connected to each other via a connecting portion (20AB, 20BC; 120AB, 120BC).

An applicator machine and a process for heating and coating a section of pipeline. The applicator machine includes a frame configured to rotate about a section of pipeline to be heated and coated, rotating means operable to rotate the frame, and coating material applicators induction coils and radiant heaters mounted on the frame and rotatable therewith. The induction coil is configured to heat a section of pipeline adjacent to the induction coil to a coating material application temperature. The radiant heaters are configured to heat factory-applied coatings. Each coating material applicator sprays coating material through an aperture in a respective induction coil. The applicator includes an enclosure configured to surround a section of pipeline and provision for evacuating and collecting waste coating material. The coating material applicator may be configured to spray powder coating material, such as fusion bonded epoxy powder material and/or chemically modified polypropylene powder material.