An automated breadboard wiring assembly includes a breadboard with holes therein defining at least two nodes and at least a primary wiring board. The primary wiring board has a wiring matrix composed of a plurality of interconnected wiring segments, each wiring segment having a switch therealong. A plurality of contacts are interconnected with the wiring matrix with a switch positioned between each contact and the wiring matrix. Each contact is configured to engage a respective one of the breadboard nodes. An input device is configured to indicate desired wires between nodes and the locations of the desired wires define wiring information. A microprocessor configured to receive wiring information from the input device and open selective ones of the switches such that an electrical path along selective ones of the contacts and the wire segments is defined to correspond to each desired wire set forth in the wiring information.

An automated breadboard wiring assembly includes a breadboard with holes therein defining at least two nodes and at least a primary wiring board. The primary wiring board has a wiring matrix composed of a plurality of interconnected wiring segments, each wiring segment having a switch therealong. A plurality of contacts are interconnected with the wiring matrix with a switch positioned between each contact and the wiring matrix. Each contact is configured to engage a respective one of the breadboard nodes. An input device is configured to indicate desired wires between nodes and the locations of the desired wires define wiring information. A microprocessor configured to receive wiring information from the input device and open selective ones of the switches such that an electrical path along selective ones of the contacts and the wire segments is defined to correspond to each desired wire set forth in the wiring information.

A power supply for a smooth power output level transitioning includes an energy storage circuit for temporarily storing electric energy for driving a load, a semiconductor switch for pulse-width modulation (PWM) switching, and a digital PWM controller. The digital PWM controller generates a driving waveform to regulate on and off status of the semiconductor switch. The driving waveform toggles between PWM periods of a first type and PWM periods of a second type, and gradually adjusts a ratio of numbers of the PWM periods of the two types over time. The toggling driving waveform achieves one or more intermediate finer power output level that cannot be realized by a single type of PWM period with an intermediate duty cycle, due to the minimum item unit of the driving waveform limited by a clock rate of the digital PWM controller.

An electronic circuit holder includes a fixing plate, a pair of side wall plates between which the fixing plate is interposed, and a seat having seat-side lock penetrating holes arranged at a predetermined interval. The fixing plate has a fixing portion for fixing an electronic circuit on the fixing plate, and lock protrusions on opposed sides of the fixing plate. Each side wall plate has lock penetrating holes. The lock protrusions of the fixing plate are engaged with the lock penetrating holes to hold the fixing plate at a predetermined height. A first of the pair of side wall plates has, on a side thereof, a first wall-side lock protrusion, and a second of the pair of side wall plates has, on a side thereof, a second wall-side lock protrusion. The first and second wall-side lock protrusions are engaged with two of the seat-side lock penetrating holes.

An electronic circuit holder includes a fixing plate, a pair of side wall plates between which the fixing plate is interposed, and a seat having seat-side lock penetrating holes arranged at a predetermined interval. The fixing plate has a fixing portion for fixing an electronic circuit on the fixing plate, and lock protrusions on opposed sides of the fixing plate. Each side wall plate has lock penetrating holes. The lock protrusions of the fixing plate are engaged with the lock penetrating holes to hold the fixing plate at a predetermined height. A first of the pair of side wall plates has, on a side thereof, a first wall-side lock protrusion, and a second of the pair of side wall plates has, on a side thereof, a second wall-side lock protrusion. The first and second wall-side lock protrusions are engaged with two of the seat-side lock penetrating holes.

An automated breadboard wiring assembly includes a breadboard with holes therein defining at least two nodes and at least a primary wiring board. The primary wiring board has a wiring matrix composed of a plurality of interconnected wiring segments, each wiring segment having a switch therealong. A plurality of contacts are interconnected with the wiring matrix with a switch positioned between each contact and the wiring matrix. Each contact is configured to engage a respective one of the breadboard nodes. An input device is configured to indicate desired wires between nodes and the locations of the desired wires define wiring information. A microprocessor configured to receive wiring information from the input device and open selective ones of the switches such that an electrical path along selective ones of the contacts and the wire segments is defined to correspond to each desired wire set forth in the wiring information.

An automated breadboard wiring assembly includes a breadboard with holes therein defining at least two nodes and at least a primary wiring board. The primary wiring board has a wiring matrix composed of a plurality of interconnected wiring segments, each wiring segment having a switch therealong. A plurality of contacts are interconnected with the wiring matrix with a switch positioned between each contact and the wiring matrix. Each contact is configured to engage a respective one of the breadboard nodes. An input device is configured to indicate desired wires between nodes and the locations of the desired wires define wiring information. A microprocessor configured to receive wiring information from the input device and open selective ones of the switches such that an electrical path along selective ones of the contacts and the wire segments is defined to correspond to each desired wire set forth in the wiring information.

An electronic circuit holder includes a fixing plate, a pair of side wall plates between which the fixing plate is interposed, and a seat having seat-side lock penetrating holes arranged at a predetermined interval. The fixing plate has a fixing portion for fixing an electronic circuit on the fixing plate, and lock protrusions on opposed sides of the fixing plate. Each side wall plate has lock penetrating holes. The lock protrusions of the fixing plate are engaged with the lock penetrating holes to hold the fixing plate at a predetermined height. A first of the pair of side wall plates has, on a side thereof, a first wall-side lock protrusion, and a second of the pair of side wall plates has, on a side thereof, a second wall-side lock protrusion. The first and second wall-side lock protrusions are engaged with two of the seat-side lock penetrating holes.

An electronic circuit holder includes a fixing plate, a pair of side wall plates between which the fixing plate is interposed, and a seat having seat-side lock penetrating holes arranged at a predetermined interval. The fixing plate has a fixing portion for fixing an electronic circuit on the fixing plate, and lock protrusions on opposed sides of the fixing plate. Each side wall plate has lock penetrating holes. The lock protrusions of the fixing plate are engaged with the lock penetrating holes to hold the fixing plate at a predetermined height. A first of the pair of side wall plates has, on a side thereof, a first wall-side lock protrusion, and a second of the pair of side wall plates has, on a side thereof, a second wall-side lock protrusion. The first and second wall-side lock protrusions are engaged with two of the seat-side lock penetrating holes.

A retainer device which connects to a printed circuit board (PCB) to provide added structural rigidity to a capacitor (or other electrical component) mounted to the PCB. The retainer device is able to provide increased durability of capacitor leads against vibrational fatigue. The retainer device is designed to add structural rigidity to single or multiple capacitors soldered to a PCB. The retainer device exerts a positive force against the capacitor, pressing the capacitor against the PCB. This in turn limits the fatigue deflection of the capacitor leads. The retainer device has at least one spring retention ring, where the spring retention ring is able to apply force to the capacitor, which aids in ensuring that the capacitor is flush to the surface of the PCB, which reduces the load on the leads of the capacitor.