Provided is an adduct represented by Formula 1:
A.PbY.sub.2.Q  (1) wherein A is an organic or inorganic halide, Y is F.sup.−, Cl.sup.−, Br.sup.− or I.sup.− as a halogen ion, and Q is a Lewis base including a functional group containing a nitrogen (N), oxygen (O) or sulfur (S) atom with an unshared pair of electrons as an electron pair donor. The Lewis base is maintained more stable in the lead halide adduct. Therefore, the use of the adduct enables the fabrication of a perovskite solar cell with high conversion efficiency.

Amphiphilic co-polymer lipid particle has a core comprising a chlorophyll pigment-protein complex or a bacteriochlorophyll pigment-protein complex within an annulus of membrane lipids, and an outermost layer of amphiphilic co-polymer surrounding an outermost surface of the membrane lipids. Such lipid particles are made by isolating photosynthetic membrane to form isolated photosynthetic membrane, adjusting the chlorophyll concentration of the isolated photosynthetic membrane, and solubilizing the isolated photosynthetic membranes in an amphiphilic co-polymer for a preselected time period that allows amphiphilic co-polymer lipid particles to form. The amphiphilic co-polymer lipid particles form a layer between a cathode and an anode in a photo-electrical energy generating device, and methods of making the same, including a layer of detergent micelles encapsulating lipid proteins rather than amphiphilic co-polymer lipid particles.

The present invention relates to a method for producing a solid state solar cell, including the steps of providing a conductive support layer or current collector, applying a metal oxide layer on the conducting support layer, applying at least one sensitizer layer onto the metal oxide layer or onto a first optional layer covering the metal oxide layer, the first optional layer including a charge transporting layer, applying a second optional layer onto the sensitizer layer, the second optional layer being selected from a charge transporting layer, a protective layer, or a combination of both layers, and providing a counter electrode or a metal electrode onto the sensitizer layer or the second optional layer. The at least one sensitizer layer includes an organic-inorganic or metal halide perovskite and is treated by the application of a vacuum before the annealing of the sensitizer.

Organic-inorganic halide perovskite (OIHP) materials through their promising material properties, simple solution processability, low material cost, high photon absorption, carrier mobilities, and tunable band gap are suitable for large area coatings in the fabrication of optical displays, LEDs, photovoltaic cells and photodetectors. However, OIHP stability and shelf life have been limited to date as exposed perovskite films do not survive long in ambient air causing further issues for large scale OIHP based device production and deployment. Accordingly, the inventors have established three-cation material system variants using an innovative single solution thiocyanate (SCN) doped three cation material system allowing tailoring of perovskite grain size and microstructure to minimize degradation from exposure to atmospheric conditions. Further, solvent engineering techniques using the innovative single solution SCN doped three cation material system established by the inventors allow for large area processing, compact OIHP films with large crystal grains (>4 μm), and passivated grain boundaries.

An ionic liquid (IL)-containing perovskite precursor composition includes perovskite precursors; and a salt of a cationic imidazole derivative in which at least one of the two nitrogen atoms in the imidazole ring is linked to a carbon chain bearing a cyano (—C≡N) group. A perovskite solar cell with high stability includes a layer constituted by a perovskite film formed using the perovskite precursor composition.

The present invention aims to provide a solar cell that includes a photoelectric conversion layer containing an organic-inorganic perovskite compound and that can exhibit high photoelectric conversion efficiency and high heat resistance. Provided is a solar cell including, in the stated order: a cathode; a photoelectric conversion layer; and an anode, the photoelectric conversion layer containing an organic-inorganic perovskite compound represented by the formula R-M-X.sub.3 where R is an organic molecule, M is a metal atom, and X is a halogen atom or a chalcogen atom, and a polymer having an acid dissociation constant pKa of 3 or less.

The present invention provides compositions comprising a metal oxide electrode, a passivating agent on its surface, and a hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite active layer in contact with the metal oxide electrode surface. The presence of a passivating agent on the metal oxide surface increases stability and/or photovoltaic power conversion efficiency of the electronic component comprising a composition of the invention.

The present invention relates to a compound of formula (I) based on enamine derivatives and used as organic hole conductors or hole transporting material in an optoelectronic or photoelectrochemical device. The present invention relates to the hole transporting compounds based on enamine derivatives for efficiency perovskite or dye sensitized solar cells and optoelectronic devices, organic light-emitting diode (OLED), field-effect transistors (FET).

A light-absorbing material contains a compound represented by the composition formula HC(NH.sub.2).sub.2SnI.sub.3 and having a perovskite structure. A solid-state .sup.1H-NMR spectrum, which is obtained by .sup.1H-.sup.14N HMQC measurement in two-dimensional NMR at 25° C., of the compound includes a first peak at 6.9 ppm and a second peak at 7.0 ppm. A peak intensity of the first peak is equal to 80% or more of a peak intensity of the second peak.

There is provided a method of producing a photovoltaic device comprising a photoactive region comprising a layer of perovskite material, wherein the layer of perovskite material is disposed on a surface that has a roughness average (R.sub.a) or root mean square roughness (R.sub.rms) of greater than or equal to 50 nm. The method comprises using vapour deposition to deposit a substantially continuous and conformal solid layer comprising one or more initial precursor compounds of the perovskite material, and subsequently treating the solid layer with one or more further precursor compounds to form a substantially continuous and conformal solid layer of the perovskite material on the rough surface. There is also provided a photovoltaic device comprising a photoactive region comprising a layer of perovskite material disposed using the method.