A nanomaterial includes a ZnO nanocrystal and a surface ligand bonded to the ZnO nanocrystal. The surface ligand has a structure of

##STR00001##

R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 are independently selected from at least one of an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, a hydroxyalkoxy group, a hydroxyl group, or a hydrogen atom. R.sup.4 is selected from a hydrocarbon group having a carbon number of 5 to 60. A carbon number of the alkyl group ranges from 1 to 5. A carbon number of the alkoxy group ranges from 1 to 5. A carbon number of the hydroxyalkoxy group ranges from 1 to 5.

This invention pertains to the field of nanotechnology. The invention relates to nanoparticles comprising zinc oxide treated with a silane compound. The nanoparticles comprising zinc oxide functionalized with silane compounds show improved stability. And, quantum dot light emitting diodes prepared using nanoparticles comprising zinc oxide functionalized with silane compounds in the electron transport layer show improved per-formance. The invention also relates to methods of producing nanoparticles comprising zinc oxide functionalized with silane compounds.

The present application relates to an organic electronic device comprising a first electrode; a second electrode provided opposite to the first electrode; a photoactive layer provided between the first electrode and the second electrode; and an electron transfer layer provided between the photoactive layer and the first electrode, wherein the electron transfer layer comprises a zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticle having one or more amine groups bonding to a surface thereof, and a method for manufacturing the same.

Provided is a solar cell comprising a first electrode, a second electrode, a light-absorbing layer located between the first electrode and the second electrode, and an electron transport layer located between the first electrode and the light-absorbing layer. At least one electrode selected from the group consisting of the first electrode and the second electrode has light-transmissive property. The light-absorbing layer contains a perovskite compound represented by a chemical formula ASnX.sub.3 (where A is a monovalent cation and X is a halogen anion). The electron transport layer contains an electron transport material including Ti and Zn. A difference between energy levels of lower ends of conduction bands of the electron transport material and the perovskite compound is less than 0.42 eV.

A method for preparing photoactive perovskite materials. The method comprises the steps of: introducing a lead halide and a first solvent to a first vessel and contacting the lead halide with the first solvent to dissolve the lead halide to form a lead halide solution, introducing a Group 1 metal halide a second solvent into a second vessel and contacting the Group 1 metal halide with the second solvent to dissolve the Group 1 metal halide to form a Group 1 metal halide solution, and contacting the lead halide solution with the Group 1 metal halide solution to form a thin-film precursor ink. The method further comprises depositing the thin-film precursor ink onto a substrate, drying the thin-film precursor ink to form a thin film, annealing the thin film; and rinsing the thin film with a salt solution.

A method for preparing photoactive perovskite materials. The method comprises the steps of: introducing a lead halide and a first solvent to a first vessel and contacting the lead halide with the first solvent to dissolve the lead halide to form a lead halide solution, introducing a Group 1 metal halide a second solvent into a second vessel and contacting the Group 1 metal halide with the second solvent to dissolve the Group 1 metal halide to form a Group 1 metal halide solution, and contacting the lead halide solution with the Group 1 metal halide solution to form a thin-film precursor ink. The method further comprises depositing the thin-film precursor ink onto a substrate, drying the thin-film precursor ink to form a thin film, annealing the thin film; and rinsing the thin film with a salt solution.

A photoelectric conversion element includes a substrate, a first electrode, an electron-transporting layer, a photoelectric conversion layer, a hole-transporting layer, and a second electrode. The first electrode, the electron-transporting layer, the photoelectric conversion layer, the hole-transporting layer, and the second electrode are disposed on or above the substrate. The photoelectric conversion layer includes an organic material represented by General Formula (1) below, and a N-type semiconductor material.

##STR00001##

In the General Formula (1), R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently an alkyl group having 6 or more but 22 or less carbon atoms, n is each independently an integer of from 1 through 3, X is each independently a halogen atom, and m is each independently 1 or 2.

A buffer layer for protecting an organic layer during high-energy deposition of an electrically conductive layer is disclosed. Buffer layers in accordance with the present invention are particularly well suited for use in perovskite-based single-junction solar cells and double-junction solar cell structures that include at least one perovskite-based absorbing layer. In some embodiments, the buffer layer comprises a layer of oxide-based nanoparticles that is formed using solution-state processing, in which a solution comprising the nanoparticles and a volatile solvent is spin coated onto a structure that includes the organic layer. The solvent is subsequently removed in a low-temperature process that does not degrade the organic layer.

The present specification provides the compound represented by Formula 1 and an organic solar cell including the same.

Provided is a photoelectric conversion element including a first electrode, a hole blocking layer, an electron transport layer, a first hole transport layer, and a second electrode, wherein the first hole transport layer includes at least one of basic compounds represented by general formula (1a) and general formula (1b) below: ##STR00001## where in the formula (1a) or (1b), R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group or aromatic hydrocarbon group and may be identical or different, and R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 may bind with each other to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group containing a nitrogen atom.