A method comprising: providing a substrate comprising one or more electronic structures; providing a layer of perovskite overlaying the one or more electronic structures; coating a layer of photoresist material overlaying the layer of perovskite; aligning a mask with the one or more electronic structures and patterning the photoresist material; and using the same etchant to remove sections of the patterned photoresist material and the perovskite underneath the sections of the photoresist material.

An emissive perovskite ternary composite thin film comprising a perovskite material, an ionic-conducting polymer and an ionic-insulating polymer is provided. Additionally, a single-layer LEDs is described using a composite thin film of organometal halide perovskite (Pero), an ionic-conducting polymer (ICP) and an ionic-insulating polymer (IIP). The LEDs with Pero-ICP-IIP composite thin films exhibit a low turn-on voltage of about 1.9V (defined at 1 cd m.sup.2 luminance) and a luminance of about 600,000 cd m.sup.2.

The disclosure provides an all-solution OLED device and a manufacturing method thereof. The manufacturing method fabricate a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, a light emitting layer, an electron transport layer, and a cathode by solution film-forming. Compared with the manufacturing method of the existing OLED device, an all-solution fabrication of the electron transport layer and the cathode is achieved, the use of high vacuum evaporation process and equipment can be avoided, thereby saving materials and reducing manufacturing costs; and the adjacent layers will not appear mutual solubility, so the film quality is high and the device performance can be improved. The hole injection layer, the hole transport layer, the light emitting layer, the electron transport layer, and the cathode are all fabricated by solution film-forming; and compared with the existing OLED device, the manufacturing cost is low, the film-forming quality is high, and the display quality is excellent.

An organic light-emitting device having a perovskite layer having a thickness of 50 nm or more has a low drive voltage and a high power efficiency, and can suppress interelectrode short-circuiting and current leakage.

Provided is an EL element utilizing upconversion light emission involving highly efficient triplet-triplet annihilation. A blue-light-emitting layer includes an ionic liquid, a red phosphorescent material, and a blue fluorescent material. The blue fluorescent material and the red phosphorescent material are homogeneously dispersed in a liquid film of the ionic liquid.

Provided are a method for manufacturing a perovskite nanocrystal particle light-emitter where an organic ligand is substituted, a light-emitter manufactured thereby, and a light emitting device using the same. A method for manufacturing an organic-inorganic-hybrid perovskite nanocrystal particle light-emitter where an organic ligand is substituted may comprise the steps of: preparing a solution including an organic-inorganic-hybrid perovskite nanocrystal particle light-emitter, wherein the organic-inorganic-hybrid perovskite nanocrystal particle light-emitter comprises an organic-inorganic-hybrid perovskite nanocrystal structure and a plurality of first organic ligands surrounding the organic-inorganic-hybrid perovskite nanocrystal structure; and adding, to the solution, a second organic ligand which is shorter than the first organic ligands or includes a phenyl group or a fluorine group, thereby substitutes the first organic ligands with the second organic ligand. Thus, since energy transfer or charge injection into the nanocrystal structure increases through ligand substitution, it is possible to further increase light emitting efficiency and increase durability and stability by means of a hydrophobic ligand.

Vehicle and touch pad are disclosed including perovskite features for illumination. An example vehicle includes a touch pad having a substrate, circuit elements disposed on the substrate, pairs of electrodes disposed on the substrate, and perovskite ink disposed on the substrate between each respective pair of electrodes, wherein the perovskite ink is configured to provide illumination of the circuit elements by passing current through the pairs of electrodes.

Vehicle and touch pad are disclosed including perovskite features for illumination. An example vehicle includes a touch pad having a substrate, circuit elements disposed on the substrate, pairs of electrodes disposed on the substrate, and perovskite ink disposed on the substrate between each respective pair of electrodes, wherein the perovskite ink is configured to provide illumination of the circuit elements by passing current through the pairs of electrodes.

The present invention relates to an electrochemical device, more particularly to an electrochemical device including a first electrode, a second electrode spaced apart from the first electrode and an electrolyte filled between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the electrolyte comprises a salt form of a carbon quantum dot anion and a metal cation having an average diameter in the range of 2 to 12 nanometers (nm) and a surface potential of 20 mV or less, the present invention provides an electrochemical device dramatically improving reliability, performance and durability by adopting an carbon quantum dot ion compound electrolyte having selective ion conductivity with a specific cation and suppressing side reactions caused by electrolyte as well as applicable in liquid, gel or solid phase.

Provided are a method for manufacturing a perovskite particle light-emitter where an organic ligand is substituted, a light-emitter manufactured thereby, and a light emitting device using the same. A method for manufacturing an hybrid perovskite particle light-emitter where an organic ligand is substituted may comprise the steps of: preparing a solution including an hybrid perovskite particle light-emitter, wherein the hybrid perovskite particle light-emitter comprises an halide perovskite nanocrystal structure and a plurality of first organic ligands surrounding the perovskite nanocrystal structure; and adding, to the solution, a second organic ligand which is shorter than the first organic ligands or includes a phenyl group or a fluorine group, thereby substitutes the first organic ligands with the second organic ligand. Thus, since energy transfer or charge injection into the nanocrystal structure increases through ligand substitution, it is possible to further increase light emitting efficiency and increase durability and stability by means of a hydrophobic ligand.