Inventive methods and apparatus for interactive control of a lighting environment. In some embodiments an interactive system for controlling redirectable lighting in a lighting environment may be provided. In some embodiments systems and methods may be provided that enable the display of adjustable lighting parameters in a virtual environment.

A display device includes a pixel array disposed in a display area, a connection pad disposed in a pad area, and a transfer wiring electrically connected to the connection pad to transfer a signal to the pixel array. The pixel array includes a light-emitting element including a first electrode including a multi-layered structure including a metal layer and a metal oxide layer, an organic light-emitting layer disposed on the first electrode, and a second electrode disposed on the organic light-emitting layer. The connection pad includes an upper pad conductive layer having a single-layered structure including a metal oxide.

Organic electroluminescent materials and devices are disclosed. The organic electroluminescent materials are novel benzodithiophene or its analogous structure compounds, which can be used as charge transporting materials, hole injection materials, or the like in an electroluminescent device. These novel compounds can offer excellent performance compared with existing materials, for example, to further improve the voltage, efficiency and/or lifetime of the OLEDs.

Disclosed herein is an apparatus and method for fabrication of large diameter single-walled carbon nanotube films. Advantageously, large diameter single-walled carbon nanotube films may be useful as transparent electrodes with high transparency and lower sheet resistance. In one embodiment, the method includes supplying carrier carbon monoxide and catalyst precursor through a first inlet at a temperature below the reaction temperature of the catalyst precursor; supplying heated carbon monoxide through a second inlet such that the heated carbon monoxide mixes with the carrier carbon monoxide and the catalyst an aerosol; reacting the aerosol in a reaction chamber to form a composite aerosol of single walled carbon nanotubes, metal nanoparticles, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. In this embodiment, the heated carbon monoxide heats the catalyst precursor which reacts with the carbon monoxide to form carbon nanotubes.

Provided are a heterocyclic compound and an organic light-emitting device including the same. The heterocyclic compound includes a fluoro-containing cyclic group. The heterocyclic compound does not include a carbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, and/or a triphenylene group. The organic light-emitting device includes: a first electrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode; and an organic layer between the first electrode and the second electrode and including an organic layer, the organic layer including an emission layer and at least one of the heterocyclic compound.

The embodiments provide a process for easily producing an electrode having low resistance, easily subjected to post-process and hardly impairing the device; and also provide, as its application, a production process for a photoelectric conversion device. The process comprises the steps of: coating a hydrophobic substrate directly with a dispersion of metal nanomaterial, to form a metal nanomaterial layer, coating the surface of the metal nanomaterial layer with a dispersion of carbon material, to form a carbon material layer and thereby to form an electrode layer comprising a laminate of the metal nanomaterial layer and the carbon material layer, pressing the carbon material layer onto a hydrophilic substrate so that the surface of the carbon material layer may be directly fixed on the hydrophilic substrate, and peeling away the hydrophobic substrate so as to transfer the electrode layer onto the hydrophilic substrate.

An opto-electronic device includes: a first electrode; an organic layer disposed over the first electrode; a nucleation promoting coating disposed over the organic layer; a nucleation inhibiting coating covering a first region of the opto-electronic device; and a conductive coating covering a second region of the opto-electronic device.

A light emitting device includes a first electrode, a second electrode disposed on the first electrode, and at least one functional layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode. The at least one functional layer includes an amine compound represented by Formula 1. A light emitting device including the amine compound may show improved efficiency and life characteristics.

##STR00001##

Provided is an organometallic compound including a first ligand L.sub.A selected from

##STR00001## ##STR00002##

In ligand L.sub.A, each of Y.sup.1 to Y.sup.10 is carbon or nitrogen; moiety B is a monocyclic or polycyclic fused ring structure including 5-membered and/or 6-membered rings; any two R.sub.A and R.sub.B can be fused or joined to form a ring; X is selected from O, S, Se, or NR; each R.sub.A and R.sub.B is independently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the general substituent defined herein; at least one R, R.sub.A, or R.sub.B is deuterium or a linking group between L.sub.A and another ligand that includes a deuterium substituted aromatic ring; and L.sub.A is coordinated to a metal M, selected from Os, Pd, Pt, Ir, Cu, Ag, or Au; and the compound is capable of emitting light with a peak maximum wavelength (λ.sub.max)≥700 nm at room temperature.

Provided are an organic electronic element and an electronic device thereof, the organic electronic element being capable of achieving high light-emitting efficiency and a low driving voltage, and can also greatly improve the lifespan of the element by using a compound of the present invention as a phosphorescent host material.