Organic electroluminescent materials and devices are disclosed. The organic electroluminescent materials are novel benzodithiophene or its analogous structure compounds, which can be used as charge transporting materials, hole injection materials, or the like in an electroluminescent device. These novel compounds can offer excellent performance compared with existing materials, for example, to further improve the voltage, efficiency and/or lifetime of the OLEDs.

Provided are a heterocyclic compound and an organic light-emitting device including the same. The heterocyclic compound includes a fluoro-containing cyclic group. The heterocyclic compound does not include a carbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, and/or a triphenylene group. The organic light-emitting device includes: a first electrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode; and an organic layer between the first electrode and the second electrode and including an organic layer, the organic layer including an emission layer and at least one of the heterocyclic compound.

The embodiments provide a process for easily producing an electrode having low resistance, easily subjected to post-process and hardly impairing the device; and also provide, as its application, a production process for a photoelectric conversion device. The process comprises the steps of: coating a hydrophobic substrate directly with a dispersion of metal nanomaterial, to form a metal nanomaterial layer, coating the surface of the metal nanomaterial layer with a dispersion of carbon material, to form a carbon material layer and thereby to form an electrode layer comprising a laminate of the metal nanomaterial layer and the carbon material layer, pressing the carbon material layer onto a hydrophilic substrate so that the surface of the carbon material layer may be directly fixed on the hydrophilic substrate, and peeling away the hydrophobic substrate so as to transfer the electrode layer onto the hydrophilic substrate.

This application relates to an aluminum-based amorphous metal particles, a conductive Ink and OLED cathode including the aluminum-based amorphous metal particles, and a method of manufacturing the aluminum-based amorphous metal particles. In one aspect, the amorphous metal particles are represented by a formula Al.sub.xLi.sub.yNi.sub.zY.sub.wCo.sub.v. Here, x, y, z, w, and v denote an atomic ratio, and satisfy the following relationships: 75.0≤x≤90.0, 3.0<y≤7.0, 1.0≤z≤7.0, 2.0≤w≤10.0, 0.0≤v≤5.5, and x+y+z+w+v=100.

An opto-electronic device includes: a first electrode; an organic layer disposed over the first electrode; a nucleation promoting coating disposed over the organic layer; a nucleation inhibiting coating covering a first region of the opto-electronic device; and a conductive coating covering a second region of the opto-electronic device.

A heterocyclic compound represented by Formula 1: ##STR00001## wherein, in Formula 1, groups and variables are the same as described in the specification.

A luminescence device includes a first electrode, a first emission portion disposed on the first electrode, a second electrode disposed on the first emission portion, and a capping layer disposed on the second electrode and including a metal atom and a metal halide compound, wherein the metal atom is a lanthanide metal, a transition metal, or a post-transition metal and the metal halide compound is formed by combining an alkali metal atom and a halogen atom.

A luminescence device includes a first electrode, a first emission portion disposed on the first electrode, a second electrode disposed on the first emission portion, and a capping layer disposed on the second electrode and including a metal atom and a metal halide compound, wherein the metal atom is a lanthanide metal, a transition metal, or a post-transition metal and the metal halide compound is formed by combining an alkali metal atom and a halogen atom.

A display apparatus includes a substrate defining an opening area and including a display area and an intermediate area between the opening area and the display area; an inorganic insulating layer in the display area and the intermediate area; a pixel circuit in the display area; an organic insulating layer on the pixel circuit; a pixel electrode on the organic insulating layer, an intermediate layer on the pixel electrode, and an opposite electrode on the intermediate layer; a thin-film encapsulation layer on the opposite electrode and comprising a first inorganic encapsulation layer, a second inorganic encapsulation layer, and an organic encapsulation layer between the first and second inorganic encapsulation layer; and a partition wall on the organic insulating layer and including at least two dams, wherein the inorganic insulating layer is in contact with the thin-film encapsulation layer in an area between the partition wall and the opening area.

A display apparatus includes a substrate defining an opening area and including a display area and an intermediate area between the opening area and the display area; an inorganic insulating layer in the display area and the intermediate area; a pixel circuit in the display area; an organic insulating layer on the pixel circuit; a pixel electrode on the organic insulating layer, an intermediate layer on the pixel electrode, and an opposite electrode on the intermediate layer; a thin-film encapsulation layer on the opposite electrode and comprising a first inorganic encapsulation layer, a second inorganic encapsulation layer, and an organic encapsulation layer between the first and second inorganic encapsulation layer; and a partition wall on the organic insulating layer and including at least two dams, wherein the inorganic insulating layer is in contact with the thin-film encapsulation layer in an area between the partition wall and the opening area.