Methods and compositions are provided that include a multichromophore and/or multichromophore complex for identifying a target biomolecule. A sensor biomolecule, for example, an antibody can be covalently linked to the multichromophore. Additionally, a signaling chromophore can be covalently linked to the multichromophore. The arrangement is such that the signaling chromophore is capable of receiving energy from the multichromophore upon excitation of the multichromophore. Since the sensor biomolecule is capable of interacting with the target biomolecule, the multichromophore and/or multichromophore complex can provide enhanced detection signals for a target biomolecule.

An electroluminescent device including a first electrode and a second electrode facing each other, and a quantum dot emission layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode and a method of manufacturing the same. The quantum dot emission layer does not include cadmium and lead, the quantum dot emission layer includes a first layer including first quantum dots, facing the first electrode, a second layer including second quantum dots, facing the second electrode, and a third layer including third quantum dots, disposed between the first layer and the second layer, wherein a highest occupied molecular orbital energy level of the third layer is less than a highest occupied molecular orbital energy level of the layer and the highest occupied molecular orbital energy level of the third layer is less than a highest occupied molecular orbital energy level of the second layer.

A light emitting device having excellent light emission efficiency contains a cathode, a first organic layer containing a compound having a cross-linkable group and a phosphorescent transition metal complex, a second organic layer containing a crosslinked body of the same compound as the compound having a cross-linkable group, and an anode in this order. The ratio of the compound having a cross-linkable group contained in the first organic layer is 2 to 10% by mass with respect to the total mass of the first organic layer. The compound having a cross-linkable group may be a compound having at least one cross-linkable group selected from cross-linkable groups represented by the formula (XL-1) to the formula (XL-19).

The present invention generally relates to artificial photosystems and methods of their use, for example in artificial photosynthesis, wherein the artificial photosystems comprise one or more light-harvesting antenna (LHA) comprising a conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE) complex (CPEC) comprising a donor CPE and an acceptor CPE, wherein the donor CPE and acceptor CPE are an electronic energy transfer (EET) donor/acceptor pair.

A light emitting device having an anode, a cathode, a first layer disposed between the anode and the cathode, and a second layer disposed between the anode and the first layer is provided. The second layer is a layer containing a crosslinked product of a polymer compound having a crosslinkable group. At least one of the first layer and the second layer contains a compound represented by the formula (T-1):

##STR00001##

A high molecular weight compound according to the present invention includes a substituted triarylamine structural unit represented by a general formula (1) below, ##STR00001## where Ar.sup.1 and Ar.sup.2 are a divalent aromatic hydrocarbon group or a divalent aromatic heterocyclic group, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 represent a hydrogen atom, a heavy hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a cyano group, a nitro group, an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkyloxy group, or a cycloalkyloxy group, X, Y and Z are, on the condition that at least one of them is an aryl group or a heteroaryl group, an aryl group, a heteroaryl group, or a group similar to the groups represented by R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 above.

An electroluminescent device, a manufacturing method thereof, and a display apparatus are provided. The electroluminescent device includes an anode layer, a light emitting layer, a cathode layer, a hole transport layer located between the anode layer and the light emitting layer, and a electron transport layer located between the cathode layer and the light emitting layer. The electroluminescent device further includes: a first interface modification layer between the light emitting layer and one of the hole transport layer and the electron transport layer; wherein an energy level of the first interface modification layer matches an energy level of the light emitting layer and an energy level of the one of the hole transport layer and the electron transport layer.

Polymeric photovoltaic cell (or solar cell) with an inverted structure comprising: an anode; a first anode buffer layer; an active layer comprising at least one photoactive organic polymer as the electron donor and at least one organic electron acceptor compound; a cathode buffer layer; a cathode; wherein between said first anode buffer layer and said active layer a second anode buffer layer is placed comprising a hole transporting material, said hole transporting material being obtained through a process comprising: reacting at least one heteropoly acid containing at least one transition metal belonging to group 5 or 6 of the Periodic Table of the Elements; with at least an equivalent amount of a salt or a complex of a transition metal belonging to group 5 or 6 of the Periodic Table of the Elements with an organic anion, or with an organic ligand; in the presence of at least one organic solvent selected from alcohols, ketones, esters, preferably alcohols. Said polymer photovoltaic cell (or solar cell) with an inverted structure displays high photoelectric conversion efficiency values (η), i.e. a photoelectric conversion efficiency (η) greater than or equal to 4.5%, and good open circuit voltage (Voc), short-circuit current density (Jsc) and fill factor (FF) values. Furthermore, said polymer photovoltaic cell (or solar cell) with an inverted structure is able to maintain said values over time, in particular, in terms of photoelectric conversion efficiency (η).

The present disclosure relates to a polymer including a unit represented by Chemical Formula 1, a coating composition including the polymer, and an organic light emitting device formed using the same.

Disclosed is a graft copolymer containing a polyfluorene-based polymer as a main chain and a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a side chain, and an element including the same. The graft copolymer contains both the polyfluorene-based polymer and the PVDF, so that the graft copolymer may increase miscibility between polymers to prepare a composite having excellent performance, prepare an uniform thin film through a solution process, and be used as a single material that exhibits both piezoelectric properties and luminescence properties.