The present invention relates to a novel fluorene derivative having a structure of formula (I): wherein X is independently selected from a group consisting of Cl, Br, I, trifluoromethanesulfonate and 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonate; Y is a group of formula —(CH.sub.2).sub.n— where n is an integer ranging from 3 to 12; and R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 are independently selected from a group consisting of tert-butyl group, triphenylamine, carbazole and carbazole derivative. The invention further relates to a polymer obtained from the said novel fluorene derivative and methods for preparing the same, as well as their uses as materials for an organic light-emitting diode device.

##STR00001##

A zinc oxide (ZnO) nanomaterial includes a ZnO nanoparticle and a surface ligand. The surface ligand bonded to the ZnO nanoparticle has a structure of

##STR00001##

R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, and R.sup.5 are independently selected from at least one of hydrogen, alkoxy group with a carbon number of one to three, or amino group. R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, and R.sup.5 include one to three alkoxy groups with a carbon number of one to three and zero to one amino group.

The invention relates to a novel composition comprising n-type organic semiconducting (OSC) polymers and p-type OSCs, to its use as organic semiconductors in, or for the preparation of, organic electronic (OE) devices, especially organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices, perovskite-based solar cell (PSC) devices, organic photo-detectors (OPD), organic field effect transistors (OFET) and organic light emitting diodes (OLED), and to OE, OPV, PSC, OPD, OFET and OLED devices comprising the compositions.

A polymer compound has a repeating unit represented by general formula (1): ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.1a represents an alkyl group, an aryl group, a monovalent aromatic heterocyclic group or an aralkyl group, each possibly substituted and the same or different; and X.sup.1a represents a group selected from formulae (1a) to (1c).] ##STR00002##
wherein R.sup.1c represents an aryl group or a monovalent aromatic heterocyclic group, possibly substituted; and R.sup.1d to R.sup.1f represent each independently an alkyl group, an aryl group, a monovalent aromatic heterocyclic group, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, an aralkyl group, an arylalkoxy group, a substituted amino group, a substituted carbonyl group, a substituted carboxyl group, a fluorine atom or a cyano group; and the pairs R.sup.1d and R.sup.1e, R.sup.1f and R.sup.1g, R.sup.1d and R.sup.1f, and R.sup.1e and R.sup.1g may be mutually linked to form a ring together with a carbon atom to which they are linked.

A photoelectric conversion element includes a first electrode layer, a photoelectric conversion layer, and a second electrode layer. The first electrode layer includes a first base member, and a rough layer formed on the first base member. The photoelectric conversion layer is formed on the rough layer, and the second electrode layer is formed above the photoelectric conversion layer. The rough layer includes a plurality of metal fine particles irregularly connected together and to a surface of the first base member, and the photoelectric conversion layer infiltrates among the plurality of metal fine particles constituting the rough layer.

An electroluminescent device, a manufacturing method thereof, and a display apparatus are provided. The electroluminescent device includes an anode layer, a light emitting layer, a cathode layer, a hole transport layer located between the anode layer and the light emitting layer, and a electron transport layer located between the cathode layer and the light emitting layer. The electroluminescent device further includes: a first interface modification layer between the light emitting layer and one of the hole transport layer and the electron transport layer; wherein an energy level of the first interface modification layer matches an energy level of the light emitting layer and an energy level of the one of the hole transport layer and the electron transport layer.

The present invention relates to compositions comprising at least one polymer containing repeat triarylamine units and comprising at least one salt, to processes for production thereof and to the use thereof in electronic devices, especially in organic electroluminescent devices, called OLEDs (OLED=organic light-emitting diodes). The present invention also further relates to organic electroluminescent devices comprising these compositions.

Organic Light-Emitting Device An organic light-emitting device (100) comprising an anode (103); a cathode (109); a light-emitting layer (107) between the anode and the cathode; and a hole-transporting layer (105) between the anode and the cathode, wherein the light-emitting layer comprises a light-emitting compound of formula (I) and the hole-transporting layer comprises a hole-transporting material having a HOMO level that is no more than 5.1 e V from vacuum level: N N ML x R 2 (R) m (R) n y (I) wherein: R in each occurrence is independently a substituent; R 2 is H or a substituent; m is 0, 1 or 2; n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; M is a transition metal; L is a ligand; y is at least 1; and x is 0 or a positive integer.

Provided are a photoelectric conversion device giving high photoelectric conversion efficiency and a production method thereof. A photoelectric conversion device having an anode, a cathode, an active layer containing a perovskite compound disposed between the anode and the cathode, and a hole injection layer disposed between the anode and the active layer, wherein hole injection layer is a layer having a residual film rate of 80% or more in measurement of the residual film rate after a water rinse treatment, and the material of the hole injection layer is at least one material selected from the group consisting of polythiophene and derivatives thereof, aromatic amine compounds, and polymer compounds having an aromatic amine residue containing a phenyl group having at least three substituents as a repeating unit.

A metal complex represented by the formula (1) is useful for production of a light emitting device excellent in light emission efficiency:

##STR00001##

M represents a rhodium, palladium, iridium, or a platinum atom; n.sup.1 represents 1, 2 or 3; n.sup.2 represents 0, 1 or 2; R.sup.1 to R.sup.6 represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, or an aryl group; Ring R.sup.B1 and Ring R.sup.B2 represent an aromatic hydrocarbon ring or an aromatic hetero ring; one of Y.sup.a and Y.sup.b is a single bond, and the other is a group represented by the formula (C-1):

##STR00002##

R.sup.C represents a carbon atom, a silicon atom, a germanium atom, a tin atom or a lead atom; Ring R.sup.C1 and Ring R.sup.C2 represent an aromatic hydrocarbon ring or an aromatic hetero ring; and A.sup.1-G.sup.1-A.sup.2 represents an anionic bidentate ligand.