A display device includes a sacrificial layer positioned between an encapsulation layer and a light-emitting element that includes a first compound that is the same as a first compound of a light-emitting layer of the light-emitting element, thereby protecting the light-emitting element from an outgas of the encapsulation layer to prevent the generation of dark spots.

The present invention provides the compound represented by Formula 1, an organic electric element comprising a first electrode, a second electrode, and an organic material layer formed between the first electrode and the second electrode, and electronic device thereof, and by comprising the compound represented by Formula 1 in the organic material layer, the driving voltage of the organic electronic device can be lowered, and the luminous efficiency and life time of the organic electronic device can be improved.

A method for depositing a film on a substrate, which includes the steps of forming a film using a liquid composition that includes a neutral surfactant and a charged lamellar compound, placing the film in contact with the substrate and depositing the film on substrate. Also, a process for analyzing a substrate onto which a film has been deposited by the method.

Use of transition metal complexes of the formula (I) in organic light-emitting diodes ##STR00001## where: M.sup.1 is a metal atom; carbene is a carbene ligand; L is a monoanionic or dianionic ligand; K is an uncharged monodentate or bidentate ligand selected from the group consisting of phosphines; CO; pyridines; nitriles and conjugated dienes which form a π complex with M.sup.1; n is the number of carbene ligands and is at least 1; m is the number of ligands L, where m can be 0 or ≥1; o is the number of ligands K, where o can be 0 or ≥1; where the sum n+m+o is dependent on the oxidation state and coordination number of the metal atom and on the denticity of the ligands carbene, L and K and also on the charge on the ligands carbene and L, with the proviso that n is at least 1, and also
an OLED comprising these transition metal complexes, a light-emitting layer comprising these transition metal complexes, OLEDs comprising this light-emitting layer, devices comprising an OLED according to the present invention, and specific transition metal complexes comprising atb least two carbene ligands.

Provided are an electroluminescent compound having a structure represented by Formula I, a thermally activated delayed fluorescence material and an application thereof. The electroluminescent compound has TADF characteristics and may be applied to a light emitting layer of an OLED device as a thermally activated delayed fluorescence material. The OLED device includes an anode, a cathode, and at least one organic thin film layer comprising the thermally activated delayed fluorescence material in a light emitting layer between the anode and the cathode. The electroluminescent compound effectively reduces the overlap between HOMO and LUMO through special molecular structure design, so that ΔE.sub.ST is reduced to less than 0.25 eV, which satisfies reverse crossing of energy from a triplet state to a singlet state, effectively improves transmission capacities of two kinds of carriers, improves carrier balance, and thus significantly improves light emitting efficiency of the OLED device.

Provided are an organic electroluminescence device, which shows high luminous efficiency, is free of any pixel defect, and has a long lifetime, and a material for an organic electroluminescence device for realizing the device. The material for an organic electroluminescence device is a compound having a π-conjugated heteroacene skeleton crosslinked with a carbon atom, nitrogen atom, oxygen atom, or sulfur atom. The organic electroluminescence device has one or more organic thin film layers including a light emitting layer between a cathode and an anode, and at least one layer of the organic thin film layers contains the material for an organic electroluminescence device.

Provided are an organic light-emitting device including a first compound, a second compound, and a third compound, and an electronic apparatus including the same. The organic light-emitting device includes a first electrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode; and an emission layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, the emission layer including the first compound, the second compound, andthe third compound.

Provided are a compound of Formula 1; an organic electric element comprising a first electrode, a second electrode, and an organic material layer formed between the first electrode and the second electrode, comprising a compound of Formula 1 in the organic material layer; and an electronic device comprising the element, which has lowered driving voltage and increased luminous efficiency and life time.

A compound of:

##STR00001##

is disclosed. In Formula III, ring B and ring C are each independently a 5 or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; A-B represents a bonded pair of carbocyclic or heterocyclic rings coordinated to a metal M via a nitrogen atom in ring A and an sp.sup.2 hybridized atom in ring B; A-C represents a bonded pair of carbocyclic or heterocyclic rings; M is a metal having an atomic number greater than 40; L′ is a monoanionic bidentate ligand; m is the oxidation state of the metal M; and n is at least 1.

Disclosed is a new class of photo-responsive coordination compounds with at least one photochromic unit on a coordinating ligand. The photo-responsive coordination compounds are shown to be capable of acting as electroactive materials for the fabrication of organic memory devices as well as photo-controllable electron-transporting materials.