Provided is a compound including a first ligand L.sub.A of Formula I

##STR00001##

In Formula I, ring C is a 5- or 6-membered ring; each of X.sup.1 to X.sup.8 is C or N; one of X.sup.1 to X.sup.4 is C and is connected to ring C, and one of X.sup.1 to X.sup.4 is N and is coordinated to a metal M; Y is a divalent linker; K is a direct bond, O, or S; each R′, R″, R.sup.A, R.sup.B, and R.sup.C is hydrogen or a general substituent; at least one of R.sup.A or R.sup.B comprises an electron-withdrawing group; at least one of R.sup.B is a cyclic group; and metal M is selected from Os, Ir, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, and Au. Formulations, devices, and consumer products comprising the compound are also disclosed.

An organoelectroluminescent device according to the present invention employs compounds of characteristic structures as a hole transport material and a dopant material in a hole injection layer or a hole transport layer, and in an emissive layer, respectively, and thus can be driven at a low voltage and realize highly efficient emission characteristics with excellent external quantum efficiency. Thus, the organoelectroluminescent device may be industrially advantageously used in a flexible display device, a flexible display device, a single-color or white-color flat lighting device, a single-color or shite-color flexible lighting device, and the like.

An object of the present invention is to provide a photoelectric conversion element that exhibits excellent external quantum efficiency and responsiveness to light at all wavelengths in a red wavelength region, a green wavelength region, and a blue wavelength region. Another object of the present invention is to provide an imaging element, an optical sensor, and a compound related to the photoelectric conversion element.

The photoelectric conversion element includes, in the following order, a conductive film, a photoelectric conversion film, and a transparent conductive film, in which the photoelectric conversion film contains a compound represented by Formula (1).

##STR00001##

An organic light-emitting device includes a first electrode, a second electrode facing the first electrode, an organic layer between the first electrode and the second electrode and including an emission layer, and at least one of a first layer and a second layer, wherein the first layer is positioned in a path where light generated in the emission layer is transmitted to the outside through the first electrode and the second layer is positioned in a path where the light generated in the emission layer is transmitted to the outside through the second electrode. The first layer and the second layer each include a compound having a certain formula and absorbing external ultraviolet rays to prevent or reduce the ultraviolet (UV) rays from transmitting therethrough.

Provided is a blue light emitting organic EL device having high emission efficiency and a long lifetime. This organic electroluminescent device includes one or more light emitting layers between an anode and a cathode opposite to each other, wherein at least one of the light emitting layers comprises one or more hosts selected from the indolocarbazole compounds represented by the following general formula (1) and, as a light emitting dopant, a polycyclic aromatic compound represented by the following general formula (2) or a polycyclic aromatic compound having the structure represented by the general formula (2) as a substructure, and wherein in the formulae Z is an indolocarbazole ring-containing group, X.sup.1 is O, N—Ar.sup.3, S, or Se, and Y.sup.1 is B, P, P═O, P═S, Al, Ga, As, Si—R.sup.2 or Ge—R.sup.3.

##STR00001##

An organic light-emitting device includes a first electrode, a second electrode facing the first electrode, an organic layer between the first electrode and the second electrode and including an emission layer, and at least one of a first layer and a second layer, wherein the first layer is positioned in a path where light generated in the emission layer is transmitted to the outside through the first electrode and the second layer is positioned in a path where the light generated in the emission layer is transmitted to the outside through the second electrode. The first layer and the second layer each include a compound having a certain formula.

Organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs) and their compositions are described herein. In one or more embodiments, the acceptor with an active layer of an OPV includes is a non-fullerene acceptor. Such non-fullerene acceptors may provide improved OPV performance characteristics such as improved power conversion efficiency, open circuit voltage, fill factor, short circuit current, and/or external quantum efficiency. One example of a non-fullerene acceptor is (4,4,10,10-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-5,11-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-4,10-dihydro-dithienyl[1,2-b:4,5b′]benzodi-thiophene-2,8-diyl) bis(2-(3-oxo-2,3-dihydroinden-5,6-dichloro-1-ylidene) malononitrile.

Provided is a photodetector having a small dark current ratio. A photodetector includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and an active layer provided between the first electrode and the second electrode, the active layer contains a p-type semiconductor material and an n-type semiconductor material, the p-type semiconductor material contains a polymer having the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of −5.45 eV or less, and the n-type semiconductor material contains a non-fullerene compound. It is preferable that the polymer contained in the p-type semiconductor material contains a constitutional unit DU having an electron donating property and a constitutional unit AU having an electron accepting property, and the non-fullerene compound contains a moiety DP having an electron donating property and a moiety AP having an electron accepting property.

Disclosed herein are methods for fabricating an organic photovoltaic device comprising depositing an amorphous organic layer and a crystalline organic layer over a first electrode, wherein the amorphous organic layer and the crystalline organic layer contact one another at an interface; annealing the amorphous organic layer and the crystalline organic layer for a time sufficient to induce at least partial crystallinity in the amorphous organic layer; and depositing a second electrode over the amorphous organic layer and the crystalline organic layer. In the methods and devices herein, the amorphous organic layer may comprise at least one material that undergoes inverse-quasi epitaxial (IQE) alignment to a material of the crystalline organic layer as a result of the annealing.

The present disclosure provides a nitrogen-containing compound, an electronic element, and an electronic device, and belongs to the technical field of organic materials. In the nitrogen-containing compound, 1-adamantyl and a cyano group are connected on a nitrogen-containing heteroaryl core structure by a linking group, so that the molecule has a high dipole moment as a whole, organic materials with a high electron mobility can be obtained, and the electron transport properties of the electronic element can be improved, and when the nitrogen-containing compound is used as an electron transport layer of an organic electroluminescent device, the luminous efficiency and service life of the device can be improved, and the operating voltage can be reduced.