The invention relates to a light extraction substrate having a light extraction layer. The light extraction layer includes boron, boroate, and/or borosilicate as well as nanoparticles.

A display apparatus includes a substrate including a main display area, a component area, and a peripheral area. The component area includes a transmission area, and the peripheral area is arranged outside the main display area. The display apparatus further includes a main thin-film transistor arranged in the main display area, a main organic light-emitting diode arranged in the main display area and connected to the main thin-film transistor, an auxiliary thin-film transistor arranged in the component area, an auxiliary organic light-emitting diode arranged in the component area and connected to the auxiliary thin-film transistor, and a lower metal layer arranged between the substrate and the auxiliary thin-film transistor in the component area and having an undercut structure.

Photoactive materials comprising organic-inorganic hybrid halide perovskite compounds are provided. Photovoltaic cells and light-emitting devices incorporating the photoactive materials into their light-absorbing and light-emitting layers, respectively, are also provided. The halide perovskites have an amAMX.sub.3 perovskite crystal structure, wherein am is an alkyl diamine cation, an aromatic diamine cation, an aromatic azole cation, a cyclic alkyl diamine cation or a hydrazinediium cation; A is a monovalent alkylammonium cation or an alkali metal cation; X is a halide ion or a combination of halide ions; and M is an octahedrally coordinated bivalent metal atom.

A multifunctional solid-state photovoltachromic device (1) comprising at least one n-type layer (8) and at least one p-type layer (11) arranged to create a PN or PIN junction, said n-type layer (8) and p-type layer (11) comprising materials arranged to act as mixed conductors, thus allowing both charge transport and ion conduction.

Provided is a laminate with which an organic thin-film solar cell having excellent output characteristics, even in an LED light irradiation environment, can be obtained. A titanium oxide layer that serves as an electron transport layer and is positioned on a member that serves as an optically transparent electrode layer has a thickness of 1.0 nm to 60.0 nm, inclusive, and satisfies condition 1 or condition 2. Condition 1: The titanium oxide layer contains an indium metal and an indium oxide, wherein, if the content of elemental titanium is denoted as Ti, the content of the indium metal is denoted as InM, and the content of the indium oxide is denoted as InOx, the atomic ratio (InM/Ti) is 0.10 to 0.25, inclusive, and the atomic ratio (InOx/Ti) is 0.50 to 10.00, inclusive. Condition 2: The titanium oxide layer contains a tin metal and a tin oxide, wherein, if the content of the elemental titanium is denoted as Ti, the content of the tin metal is denoted as SnM, and the content of the tin oxide is denoted as SnOx, the atomic ratio (SnM/Ti) is 0.05 to 0.30, inclusive, and the atomic ratio (SnOx/Ti) is 0.50 to 10.00, inclusive.

An organic electroluminescence device, which includes a transparent conductive layer, a light emitting unit layer, transparent insulator dielectric layer and an electrode layer which are stacked up layer by layer sequentially. The light emitting unit layer includes a first light emitting unit and a second light emitting unit which are arranged in juxtaposition and with an interval; through arranging the first light emitting unit and the second light emitting unit in juxtaposition and with an interval, making the organic electroluminescence device can be directly connected to external alternating current, not only can dispense from the energy dissipation causing by converting alternating current to direct current, but also can improve the luminous efficacy of the device; and makes the whole organic electroluminescence device be thin and light.

A display substrate may include a base substrate (10), a plurality of sub-pixels (20) in an array on the base substrate (10), an isolation layer (30) on a side of a second electrode layer (123) opposite from the light-emitting layer (22), and an auxiliary conductive layer (40) on a side of the isolation layer (30) opposite from the second electrode layer (123). The isolation layer (30) may comprise at least two via holes (31), orthographic projection of each of the at least two via holes (31) on the base substrate (10) may substantially overlap with orthographic projection of the pixel defining layer on the base substrate (10), and the auxiliary conductive layer (40) may be connected to the second electrode layer (123) through the at least two via holes (31).

A color filter is disposed on a substrate. An organic photodiode is disposed on the color filter. The organic photodiode includes an electrode insulating layer having a recess region on the substrate, a first electrode on the color filter, the first electrode filling the recess region of the electrode insulating layer, a second electrode on the first electrode, and an organic photoelectric conversion layer interposed between the first electrode and the second electrode. The first electrode includes a seam extending at a first angle from a side surface of the recess region of the electrode insulating layer.

A method can comprise providing an ink comprising reactants, a complexing agent, and a solvent, depositing the ink onto a substrate to form a wet film, drying the wet film to form a precursor layer, and annealing the precursor layer to form a perovskite film. The reactants can comprise a first and a second cation, a first metal, and a first and a second anion, wherein the first and second cations are different from each other, and the first and second anions are different from each other. The complexing agent can comprise a heterocyclic donor material. The perovskite film can comprise a mixed-cation mixed-halide perovskite material, and less than 5% by mass of the complexing agent. The perovskite film can also be formed using a one-step process.

A light-emitting device includes: an anode; a cathode; a light-emitting layer between the anode and the cathode; and a hole transport layer between the anode and the light-emitting layer, the hole transport layer containing carbon and a metal oxide in a prescribed, adjusted ratio.