A display apparatus includes a substrate including a main display area, a component area, and a peripheral area. The component area includes a transmission area, and the peripheral area is arranged outside the main display area. The display apparatus further includes a main thin-film transistor arranged in the main display area, a main organic light-emitting diode arranged in the main display area and connected to the main thin-film transistor, an auxiliary thin-film transistor arranged in the component area, an auxiliary organic light-emitting diode arranged in the component area and connected to the auxiliary thin-film transistor, and a lower metal layer arranged between the substrate and the auxiliary thin-film transistor in the component area and having an undercut structure.

Photoactive materials comprising organic-inorganic hybrid halide perovskite compounds are provided. Photovoltaic cells and light-emitting devices incorporating the photoactive materials into their light-absorbing and light-emitting layers, respectively, are also provided. The halide perovskites have an amAMX.sub.3 perovskite crystal structure, wherein am is an alkyl diamine cation, an aromatic diamine cation, an aromatic azole cation, a cyclic alkyl diamine cation or a hydrazinediium cation; A is a monovalent alkylammonium cation or an alkali metal cation; X is a halide ion or a combination of halide ions; and M is an octahedrally coordinated bivalent metal atom.

A thin film of metal oxide includes zinc (Zn); tin (Sn); silicon (Si); and oxygen (O). In terms of oxide, based on 100 mol % of total of oxides of the thin film, SnO.sub.2 is greater than 15 mol % but less than or equal to 95 mol %.

A light-emitting device that includes a first electrode, a second electrode and an interlayer between the first electrode and the second electrode and including an emission layer is provided. An electron injection layer and an electron transport layer are between the emission layer and the first electrode. The electron injection layer includes: an oxide of: Zn; Ti; Mg; or any combination thereof, the electron transport layer includes a phosphine oxide compound, and the first electrode of the light-emitting device may be a reflective electrode.

The present disclosure provides an array substrate including a driving circuit board, and a first electrode layer, an insulating layer, and an anode structure sequentially stacked thereon. The anode structure includes a reflective layer, an intermediate dielectric layer, and a transparent conductive layer sequentially provided in a direction away from the driving circuit board. The array substrate has first, second, and third pixel regions. The anode structure includes first, second, and third anode structures. The first electrode layer includes first, second and third sub-portions. The first, second and third anode structures are coupled with the first, second and third sub-portions through first, second and third via holes in the insulating layer, respectively. A surface of the insulating layer in contact with the first, second and third anode structures is flush; and a thickness of the intermediate dielectric layer in the second, first and third anode structures increases sequentially.

A photoelectric device is disclosed. The photoelectric device includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and an electrolyte disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode. The second electrode includes a transparent layer for allowing light to penetrate into the second electrode, an electron transport layer coupled to the transparent layer, and a genetically hybridized fluorescent silk layer as a photo-sensitizer coupled to the electron transport layer.

A display device includes: a circuit element layer comprising a transistor; a display element layer comprising a first electrode connected to the transistor, a second electrode facing the first electrode, an organic pattern between the first electrode and the second electrode, a pixel defining layer having an opening exposing the first electrode, an auxiliary electrode spaced apart from the opening to cover a portion of the pixel defining layer and connected to the second electrode, a first protection pattern covering the second electrode, and a second protection pattern covering the first protection pattern; and an encapsulation layer covering the display element layer, wherein the first protection pattern and the second protection pattern have stress in directions different from each other.

The present disclosure provides an array substrate including a driving circuit board, and a first electrode layer, an insulating layer, and an anode structure sequentially stacked thereon. The anode structure includes a reflective layer, an intermediate dielectric layer, and a transparent conductive layer sequentially provided in a direction away from the driving circuit board. The array substrate has first, second, and third pixel regions. The anode structure includes first, second, and third anode structures. The first electrode layer includes first, second and third sub-portions. The first, second and third anode structures are coupled with the first, second and third sub-portions through first, second and third via holes in the insulating layer, respectively. A surface of the insulating layer in contact with the first, second and third anode structures is flush; and a thickness of the intermediate dielectric layer in the second, first and third anode structures increases sequentially.

According to one embodiment, a display device manufacturing method comprises forming a lower electrode including a first metal layer and a conductive oxide layer which covers the first metal layer and which has a thickness of 15 nm or more and 50 nm or less, forming a rib covering at least a part of the lower electrode and including a pixel aperture which exposes the conductive oxide layer, forming a second metal layer above the rib and the conductive oxide layer exposed through the pixel aperture, and patterning the second metal layer by etching including wet etching to form a partition on the rib.

The present application discloses stilbene derivative compounds and phenylbenzofuran compositions, useful in the manufacture of dye-sensitized solar cells and other similar technology.