A lossy dielectric heat source transducer or other transducer can be formed using a multi-layer substrate, such as can include a power layer (to receive an applied electromagnetic input signal), a polyurethane or other polymeric electromagnetic energy absorption layer, and a coupling layer therebetween. The absorption layer can be doped with carbon or another dopant material to increase electromagnetic energy absorption. The coupling layer can be doped with barium titanate or another dopant material to focus electromagnetic energy passing through the coupling layer toward the absorption layer. Frequency-selective addressing of particular transducers can include using a plurality of planar resonators, which can be configured to resonate at the same or different specified frequencies of the applied electromagnetic input. Such addressing of such frequency-sensitive structures can permit location-specific actuation of one or more transducers.

A lossy dielectric heat source transducer or other transducer can be formed using a multi-layer substrate, such as can include a power layer (to receive an applied electromagnetic input signal), a polyurethane or other polymeric electromagnetic energy absorption layer, and a coupling layer therebetween. The absorption layer can be doped with carbon or another dopant material to increase electromagnetic energy absorption. The coupling layer can be doped with barium titanate or another dopant material to focus electromagnetic energy passing through the coupling layer toward the absorption layer. Frequency-selective addressing of particular transducers can include using a plurality of planar resonators, which can be configured to resonate at the same or different specified frequencies of the applied electromagnetic input. Such addressing of such frequency-sensitive structures can permit location-specific actuation of one or more transducers.

Disclosed is a thermoelectric composite material includes a thermoelectric material including crystal grains; and a MXene inserted at boundaries of the crystal grains consisting of the thermoelectric material. Accordingly, the thermoelectric composite material may have a reduced thermal conductivity and an increased electrical conductivity. Furthermore, mechanical properties of the thermoelectric composite material may be improved. Thus, the thermoelectric composite material may improve the thermoelectric ability of a thermoelectric module including the same. A method of manufacturing the thermoelectric composite material includes coating MXene on a surface of a thermoelectric material powder including crystal grains; and sintering the thermoelectric material powder coated with the MXene to form a sintered body including the MXene inserted at boundaries of the crystal grains consisting of the thermoelectric material.

The present invention provides thermoelectric composite materials that comprise a physical mixture of semiconducting polymers and carbon nanotube structures. The present invention further provides a process to improve the thermoelectric power factor of the composite by doping with inorganic salts.

The present application relates to copper-doped double perovskites, for example, copper-doped double perovskites of the formula (I) and to uses thereof, for example as low-bandgap materials such as a semiconducting material in a device. The present application also relates to methods of tuning the bandgap of a Cs.sub.2SbAgZ.sub.6 double perovskite (for example, wherein Z is Cl) comprising doping the double perovskite with copper.

Cs.sub.2Sb.sub.1-aAg.sub.1-bCu.sub.2xZ.sub.6(I)

An object of the present invention is to provide a semiconductor layer (n-type semiconductor layer) which demonstrate an excellent thermoelectric conversion performance and exhibits n-type characteristics. Another object of the present invention is to provide a thermoelectric conversion layer formed of the n-type semiconductor layer and a composition for forming an n-type semiconductor layer. Still another object of the present invention is to provide a thermoelectric conversion element, which has the thermoelectric conversion layer as an n-type thermoelectric conversion layer, and a thermoelectric conversion module. The n-type semiconductor layer of the embodiment of the present invention contains a nanocarbon material and an onium salt represented by a specific structure.

There is described a cascade-type compact hybrid energy cell (CHEC) that is capable of individually and concurrently harvesting solar, strain and thermal energies. The cell comprises an n-p homojunction nanowire (NW)-based piezoelectric nanogenerator and a nanocrystalline/amorphous-Si:H single junction cell. Under optical illumination of 10 mW/cm.sup.2 and mechanical vibration of 3 m/s.sup.2 at 3 Hz frequency, the output current and voltage from a single 1.0 cm.sup.2-sized CHEC was found to be 280 A and 3.0 V, respectivelythis is are sufficient to drive low-power commercial electronics. Six such CHECs connected in series were found to generate enough electrical power to light emitting diodes or drive a wireless strain gauge sensor node.

The present invention relates to an inorganic/organic hybrid perovskite compound film. An inorganic/organic hybrid perovskite compound film according to the present invention is polycrystalline, and has a discontinuous (100) plane scattering intensity on a grazing incidence wide angle x-ray scattering (GIWAXS) spectrum obtained using an x-ray wavelength of 1.0688 .

Disclosed herein are a flexible thermoelectric module cell for a touch sensor, a touch sensor including the same, and a method of manufacturing the flexible thermoelectric module cell for a touch sensor. The flexible thermoelectric module cell is applicable to cells for touch sensors of various designs, without the need for a person to go directly to an industrially dangerous place.

A thermocouple for temperature measurement according to an embodiment may include a first wire of a first metallic material and a second wire of a second metallic material different from the first metallic material, a first section in which the first wire and the second wire are electrically insulated from each other, a second section in which the first wire and the second wire are connected to each other to form a measuring junction, a first layer of a thermally conductive and electrically insulating first material enclosing the second section, and a second layer of an ultrasonic-weldable second material enclosing at least part of the first layer.