An electromagnetic actuator for generating force is provided. The electromagnetic actuator includes a ferromagnetic body extending along a longitudinal axis, the ferromagnetic body comprising: a back-iron portion; and a pair of pole portions, extending from the back-iron portion, the back-iron portion connecting the pair of pole portions. The electromagnetic actuator further includes one or more magnetic-flux changing components at the pole portions, a respective magnetic-flux changing component located at a respective pole face, the respective magnetic-flux changing component configured to change magnetic flux density at a respective track-facing surface relative to the respective pole face. The electromagnetic actuator further includes electrical windings around the pole portions.

An optical element driving mechanism is provided, including a body, a first driving assembly, a second driving assembly, and an optical element. The body includes a fixed portion, a movable portion, and a connecting element. The movable portion is movable relative to the fixed portion. The connecting element connects the fixed portion to the movable portion. The first driving assembly that is disposed on a first side drives the movable portion to perform a first motion. The second driving assembly that is disposed on the first side drives the movable portion to perform a second motion. The optical element is connected to the movable portion, including an incident surface and an emissive surface, wherein the incident surface is orthogonal to the emissive surface. The first side is not parallel to the incident surface or the emissive surface.

An optical element driving mechanism is provided. The optical element driving mechanism includes a first holder, a fixed portion, a first driving assembly, and a first stopping assembly. The first holder is used for connecting to an optical element. The first holder is movable relative to the fixed portion. The first driving assembly is used for driving the first holder to move relative to the fixed portion. The first stopping assembly is used for restricting the movable range of the first holder relative to the fixed portion.

An optical element driving mechanism is provided, including a movable part, a fixed part, a driving assembly, and a first supporting assembly. The movable part is used for connecting an optical element. The movable part is movable relative to the fixed part. The driving assembly is used for driving the movable part to move relative to the fixed part. The movable part is movable relative to the fixed part through the support of the first supporting assembly. There is a gap between the movable part and the fixed part.

A driving mechanism is provided, including a fixed part, a movable part connected to the fixed part, a first connecting member, and a first wire. The first connecting member is hinged to the fixed part and connected to the movable part. The first wire has SMA material and is connected between the fixed part and the first connecting member. When the first wire contracts in length, the first connecting member rotates relative to the fixed part, and the movable part is driven to move relative to the fixed part.

Coil-based actuators for use in opening and closing the separable contacts of circuit interrupters provide increased initial velocity for opening strokes and damping at the end of opening strokes. Electronics for adjusting the current profile of current supplied to coil-based actuators additionally provide increased initial velocity for opening strokes and damping at the conclusion of opening strokes.

Replaceable windings (101) for an electromagnetic machine (100) are provided. A replaceable winding (101) comprises a body (107) having a longitudinal axis (105), the body (107) comprising opposing surfaces along the longitudinal axis (105). The replaceable winding (101) further comprises an aperture (119) through the body (107), between the opposing surfaces, the aperture (119) having generally parallel internal sides about perpendicular to the opposing surfaces of the body (107), the aperture (119) configured to removably received a pole portion (109) of the electromagnetic machine (100). The replaceable winding (101) further comprises electrical conductors wound about the aperture (119) in the body (107). The replaceable winding (101) further comprises electrical connectors (123) at one or more external sides of the body (107), the electrical connectors (123) connected to the electrical conductors.

Coil-based actuators for use in opening and closing the separable contacts of circuit interrupters provide increased initial velocity for opening strokes and damping at the end of opening strokes. Electronics for adjusting the current profile of current supplied to coil-based actuators additionally provide increased initial velocity for opening strokes and damping at the conclusion of opening strokes.

In a solenoid valve, a length in an axial direction from a stator core end surface to a bottom portion of a yoke is equal to or longer than a total length in the axial direction of a shaft and a plunger. When the shaft and the plunger move to the bottom portion side, the stator core end surface and the spool end surface come into contact with each other so as to restrict a movement of a spool. A groove portion, which communicates a space formed by the stator core, the spool, and the shaft with an accommodating portion when the stator core end surface and the spool end surface come into contact with each other, is formed on at least one of the stator core end surface and the spool end surface, and a communication hole communicates an inside and an outside of the accommodating portion.

A support structure for supporting a flexible display screen includes: a plurality of electromagnets and a controller electrically coupled to the plurality of electromagnets. Each electromagnet has a first surface and a second surface. The first surface is configured to be attached and secured to a flexible display screen so as to support the flexible display screen, and the second surface is at an acute angle to the first surface. When the flexible display screen is extended, the controller controls two adjacent electromagnets to repel each other. When the flexible display screen is bent, the controller controls two adjacent electromagnets to attract each other.