In an embodiment, the present disclosure pertains to a method of creating a supercapacitor. The method includes forming an anode and a cathode, each composed of a substrate having at least one of a lignin, a lignin-based composite, activated carbon, a plant extract, a cellulose by-product, biofuel waste, one or more metals, a metal oxide, a monometallic tungstate, or a bimetallic tungstate, and sandwiching an electrolyte coated separator between the anode and the cathode. In an addition embodiment, the present disclosure pertains to an electrode composed of a particle-decorated lignin. In some embodiments, the particle-decorated lignin includes particles that can include, without limitation, MnO.sub.2, NiWO.sub.4, MnO.sub.2, NiCoWO.sub.4, CoWO.sub.4, and combinations thereof. In a further embodiment, the present disclosure pertains to a supercapacitor made via the methods of the present disclosure.

In an embodiment, the present disclosure pertains to a method of creating a supercapacitor. The method includes forming an anode and a cathode, each composed of a substrate having at least one of a lignin, a lignin-based composite, activated carbon, a plant extract, a cellulose by-product, biofuel waste, one or more metals, a metal oxide, a monometallic tungstate, or a bimetallic tungstate, and sandwiching an electrolyte coated separator between the anode and the cathode. In an addition embodiment, the present disclosure pertains to an electrode composed of a particle-decorated lignin. In some embodiments, the particle-decorated lignin includes particles that can include, without limitation, MnO.sub.2, NiWO.sub.4, MnO.sub.2, NiCoWO.sub.4, CoWO.sub.4, and combinations thereof. In a further embodiment, the present disclosure pertains to a supercapacitor made via the methods of the present disclosure.

A sheet-shaped member is provided and includes a porous carbon material including a material obtained from carbonization of a raw material including rice husk, the raw material having a silicon content of at least 5 wt %, the raw material is heat treated before carbonization, and the raw material is treated by an alkali treatment after carbonization to reduce the silicon content, the porous carbon material having a specific surface area of at least 10 m2/g as measured by the nitrogen BET method, a pore volume of at least 0.1 cm3/g as measured by the BJH method and MP method, and an R value of 1.5 or greater, wherein the porous carbon material includes mesopores having pore sizes from 2 nm to 50 nm and obtained from the alkali treatment of the raw material after carbonization, the porous carbon material further includes macropores and micropores, the R value is expressed as R=B/A, the A referring to an intensity at an intersection between the baseline of a diffraction peak of the (002) plane as obtained based on powdery X-ray diffractometry of the porous carbon material and a perpendicular line downwardly drawn from the diffraction peak of the (002) plane, and the B referring to the intensity of the diffraction peak of the (002) plane.

A sheet-shaped member is provided and includes a porous carbon material including a material obtained from carbonization of a raw material including rice husk, the raw material having a silicon content of at least 5 wt %, the raw material is heat treated before carbonization, and the raw material is treated by an alkali treatment after carbonization to reduce the silicon content, the porous carbon material having a specific surface area of at least 10 m2/g as measured by the nitrogen BET method, a pore volume of at least 0.1 cm3/g as measured by the BJH method and MP method, and an R value of 1.5 or greater, wherein the porous carbon material includes mesopores having pore sizes from 2 nm to 50 nm and obtained from the alkali treatment of the raw material after carbonization, the porous carbon material further includes macropores and micropores, the R value is expressed as R=B/A, the A referring to an intensity at an intersection between the baseline of a diffraction peak of the (002) plane as obtained based on powdery X-ray diffractometry of the porous carbon material and a perpendicular line downwardly drawn from the diffraction peak of the (002) plane, and the B referring to the intensity of the diffraction peak of the (002) plane.

One aspect of the present invention is a positive electrode for an energy storage device including a positive active material layer, in which the positive active material layer includes a positive active material particle having a ratio of a secondary particle size to a primary particle size of 3 or less, and a fibrous conductive agent.

An outdoor moving device includes a main body, a first energy storage device, a second energy storage device, and a connection assembly. The first energy storage device is capable of supplying power to the outdoor moving device and includes at least one first energy storage unit. The second energy storage device is capable of supplying power to the outdoor moving device and includes at least one second energy storage unit. The connection assembly is used for mounting the second energy storage device to the main body. The first energy storage device is detachably mounted to the main body, the first energy storage device is detachable from the main body to supply power to another power tool, the first energy storage unit includes a first positive electrode made of a first material, and the second energy storage unit includes a second positive electrode made of a second material.

An embodiment is directed to an electrode composition for use in an energy storage device cell. The electrode comprises composite particles, each comprising carbon that is biomass-derived and active material. The active material exhibits partial vapor pressure below around 10.sup.−13 torr at around 400 K, and an areal capacity loading of the electrode composition ranges from around 2 mAh/cm.sup.2 to around 16 mAh/cm.sup.2.

An embodiment is directed to an electrode composition for use in an energy storage device cell. The electrode comprises composite particles, each comprising carbon that is biomass-derived and active material. The active material exhibits partial vapor pressure below around 10.sup.−13 torr at around 400 K, and an areal capacity loading of the electrode composition ranges from around 2 mAh/cm.sup.2 to around 16 mAh/cm.sup.2.

An electrode for an electrochemical device includes porous carbon particles. In a pore distribution of the porous carbon particles, a ratio B/A of an integrated volume B to an integrated volume A ranges from 1 to 1.5, inclusive. The integrated volume A is an integrated volume of pores each having a pore diameter of more than or equal to 1 nm and less than 2 nm. The integrated volume B is an integrated volume of pores each having a pore diameter of more than or equal to 2 nm and less than or equal to 50 nm. A volume-based particle diameter frequency distribution of the porous carbon particles has a first peak and a second peak. A particle diameter corresponding to the second peak is larger than a particle diameter corresponding to the first peak.

Described are processes for making graphene pellet (GP) with a three-dimensional structure. The process includes forming a nickel pellet from nickel powder to function as a catalyst for graphene growth, exposing the nickel pellet to a hydrocarbon under conditions sufficient to grow graphene, and etching nickel from graphene with an acid resulting in a graphene pellet. Also described is a process for making a graphene paper from the graphene pellet comprising applying a compression force to the graphene pellet sufficient to compress the pellet. Also described is a method for forming a graphene pellet composite useful as an electrode.