An energy storage device can include a cathode, an anode, and a separator between the cathode and the anode, where the anode and/or electrode includes an electrode film having a super-fibrillized binder material and carbon. The electrode film can have a reduced quantity of the binder material while maintaining desired mechanical and/or electrical properties. A process for fabricating the electrode film may include a fibrillization process using reduced speed and/or increased process pressure such that fibrillization of the binder material can be increased. The electrode film may include an electrical conductivity promoting additive to facilitate decreased equivalent series resistance performance. Increasing fibrillization of the binder material may facilitate formation of thinner electrode films, such as dry electrode films.

An energy storage device can include a cathode, an anode, and a separator between the cathode and the anode, where the anode and/or electrode includes an electrode film having a super-fibrillized binder material and carbon. The electrode film can have a reduced quantity of the binder material while maintaining desired mechanical and/or electrical properties. A process for fabricating the electrode film may include a fibrillization process using reduced speed and/or increased process pressure such that fibrillization of the binder material can be increased. The electrode film may include an electrical conductivity promoting additive to facilitate decreased equivalent series resistance performance. Increasing fibrillization of the binder material may facilitate formation of thinner electrode films, such as dry electrode films.

An electrode for an electrochemical device includes porous carbon particles. In a pore distribution of the porous carbon particles, a ratio B/A of an integrated volume B to an integrated volume A ranges from 1 to 1.5, inclusive. The integrated volume A is an integrated volume of pores each having a pore diameter of more than or equal to 1 nm and less than 2 nm. The integrated volume B is an integrated volume of pores each having a pore diameter of more than or equal to 2 nm and less than or equal to 50 nm. A volume-based particle diameter frequency distribution of the porous carbon particles has a first peak and a second peak. A particle diameter corresponding to the second peak is larger than a particle diameter corresponding to the first peak.

Provided is a binder for a battery, including a fluorine-containing copolymer, wherein the fluorine-containing copolymer comprises a repeating unit (a) based on vinylidene fluoride and at least one repeating unit (b) selected from the group consisting of a repeating unit (bl) represented by a specific structural formula (bl) and a repeating unit (b2) represented by a structural formula (b2), and the fluorine-containing copolymer has a molar ratio of the repeating unit (a) to the repeating unit (b), (a)/(b), of 95/5 to 5/95.

Described are processes for making graphene pellet (GP) with a three-dimensional structure. The process includes forming a nickel pellet from nickel powder to function as a catalyst for graphene growth, exposing the nickel pellet to a hydrocarbon under conditions sufficient to grow graphene, and etching nickel from graphene with an acid resulting in a graphene pellet. Also described is a process for making a graphene paper from the graphene pellet comprising applying a compression force to the graphene pellet sufficient to compress the pellet. Also described is a method for forming a graphene pellet composite useful as an electrode.

A method for manufacturing composites in which the nanosize of a carbon material and a metal compound can be maintained as the final product is realized to provide a superior electrode material. A treatment of increasing the functional groups possessed by a carbon material is performed in advance. Then, a metal compound precursor is supported on a carbon material by separately performing a treatment of adsorbing one of source materials of the metal compound to the functional groups of the carbon material having increased functional groups and a treatment of reacting the adsorbed source material of the metal compound with the rest of the source materials on the carbon material to produce a metal compound precursor on the carbon material. Finally, a lithium source is introduced and calcined.

A method for manufacturing composites in which the nanosize of a carbon material and a metal compound can be maintained as the final product is realized to provide a superior electrode material. A treatment of increasing the functional groups possessed by a carbon material is performed in advance. Then, a metal compound precursor is supported on a carbon material by separately performing a treatment of adsorbing one of source materials of the metal compound to the functional groups of the carbon material having increased functional groups and a treatment of reacting the adsorbed source material of the metal compound with the rest of the source materials on the carbon material to produce a metal compound precursor on the carbon material. Finally, a lithium source is introduced and calcined.

A water-based, carbon filler-dispersed coating formulation for forming a conductive coating film contains (1) a hydroxyalkyl chitosan as a resin binder, (2) a conductive carbon filler, and (3) a polybasic acid or its derivative in a water-based medium containing at least water as a polar solvent. In 100 parts by mass of the coating formulation, the hydroxyalkyl chitosan (1) is contained in a range of from 0.1 to 20 parts by mass, and the conductive carbon filler (2) is contained in a range of from 1 to 30 parts by mass. An electricity-imparting material, an electrode plate for an electricity storage device, a process for producing the electrode plate, and the electricity storage device are also disclosed.

A water-based, carbon filler-dispersed coating formulation for forming a conductive coating film contains (1) a hydroxyalkyl chitosan as a resin binder, (2) a conductive carbon filler, and (3) a polybasic acid or its derivative in a water-based medium containing at least water as a polar solvent. In 100 parts by mass of the coating formulation, the hydroxyalkyl chitosan (1) is contained in a range of from 0.1 to 20 parts by mass, and the conductive carbon filler (2) is contained in a range of from 1 to 30 parts by mass. An electricity-imparting material, an electrode plate for an electricity storage device, a process for producing the electrode plate, and the electricity storage device are also disclosed.

A printed energy storage device includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and a separator between the first and the second electrode. At least one of the first electrode, the second electrode, and the separator includes frustules, for example of diatoms. The frustules may have a uniform or substantially uniform property or attribute such as shape, dimension, and/or porosity. A property or attribute of the frustules can also be modified by applying or forming a surface modifying structure and/or material to a surface of the frustules. A membrane for an energy storage device includes frustules. An ink for a printed film includes frustules.