A carbonaceous material may have a high capacitance per volume as well as a high durability, and/or may have a BET specific surface area is 1,500 to 1,900 m.sup.2/g, an average pore size is 1.84 to 2.05 nm at a nitrogen relative pressure P/P.sub.0 of 0.93 in a nitrogen adsorption isotherm measured at 77.4 K, a ratio of pore volume having a pore size of 3 nm or smaller, determined by the BJH method, is 65 to 90% relative to total pore volume calculated based on a nitrogen adsorption amount at a relative pressure P/P.sub.0 of 0.93 in the nitrogen adsorption isotherm, and a ratio of pore volume having a pore size of 1 to 2 nm, determined by the MP method, is 10 to 20% relative to total pore volume calculated based on the nitrogen adsorption amount at a relative pressure P/P.sub.0 of 0.93 in the nitrogen adsorption isotherm.

Provided is a carbon material that is large in specific surface area, and moreover, capable of easily forming an electrode film even when any binder is substantially not contained. Provided is a carbon material that has a BET specific surface area of 100 m.sup.2/g or more, with the weight of the carbon material remaining on a sieve after shaking being 90% by weight or more with respect to 100% by weight of the carbon material put in the sieve, when 0.2 g of the carbon material packed in a cylindrical syringe of 2 cm in diameter is compressed at a pressure of 16 kN, the whole of the compressed carbon material is taken out from the syringe and put in the sieve with an aperture of 4.75 mm, and the sieve is shaken for 1 minute.

Laser-induced graphene (LIG) and laser-induced graphene scrolls (LIGS) materials and, more particularly to LIGS, methods of making LIGS (such as from polyimide (PI)), laser-induced removal of LIG and LIGS, and 3D printing of LIG and LIGS using a laminated object manufacturing (LOM) process.

The present invention belongs to the field of carbon materials and provides a precursor material and method for the preparation of carbon nanostructures. The invention directly uses rocks or mixtures of carbon raw materials with metal or metal oxide catalysts to prepare precursor materials. The precursor material is then wrapped by using metal wires and polarized in a molten salt system to prepare the nanostructured carbon material. Metals or metal oxides scattered in the carbon phase act as catalysts for the generation of nanostructured carbon materials; this precursor material can be easily obtained from natural rocks or by artificially synthesizing. Nanostructured carbon materials are composed of carbon nanoparticles, carbon fiber and carbon nanotubes. The preparation process is simple and easy to implement, and the resulting nanostructured material has high conductivity and can be used as an active material or additive for use in energy storage devices.

High-frequency supercapacitors that can respond at kilohertz frequencies (AC-supercapacitors). The electrodes of the AC-supercapacitors include edge oriented graphene (EOG) electrodes or carbon nanofiber network (CNN) electrodes. The EOG electrodes are formed by utilizing a plasma and feedstock carbon gas to carbonize cellulous paper and deposit graphene implemented in one step. The CNN electrodes are formed by pyrolyzing a carbon nanofiber network utilizing a plasma.

High-frequency supercapacitors that can respond at kilohertz frequencies (AC-supercapacitors). The electrodes of the AC-supercapacitors include edge oriented graphene (EOG) electrodes or carbon nanofiber network (CNN) electrodes. The EOG electrodes are formed by utilizing a plasma and feedstock carbon gas to carbonize cellulous paper and deposit graphene implemented in one step. The CNN electrodes are formed by pyrolyzing a carbon nanofiber network utilizing a plasma.

A method is described to make a metal-containing non-amorphous hard-carbon composite material that is synthesized from furan-ring containing compounds. The metals described in the process include lithium and transition metals, including transition metal oxides like lithium titanates. The non-amorphous hard-carbon component of the metal-containing non-amorphous hard-carbon composite material is characterized by a d.sub.002 peakin the X-ray diffraction patternsthat corresponds to an interlayer spacing of >3.6 , along with a prominent D-band peak in the Raman spectra. These metal-containing hard-carbon composites are used for constructing electrodes for Li-ion batteries and Li-ion capacitors.

High-frequency supercapacitors that can respond at kilohertz frequencies (AC-supercapacitors). The electrodes of the AC-supercapacitors include edge oriented graphene (EOG) electrodes or carbon nanofiber network (CNN) electrodes. The EOG electrodes are formed by utilizing a plasma and feedstock carbon gas to carbonize cellulous paper and deposit graphene implemented in one step. The CNN electrodes are formed by pyrolyzing a carbon nanofiber network utilizing a plasma.

High-frequency supercapacitors that can respond at kilohertz frequencies (AC-supercapacitors). The electrodes of the AC-supercapacitors include edge oriented graphene (EOG) electrodes or carbon nanofiber network (CNN) electrodes. The EOG electrodes are formed by utilizing a plasma and feedstock carbon gas to carbonize cellulous paper and deposit graphene implemented in one step. The CNN electrodes are formed by pyrolyzing a carbon nanofiber network utilizing a plasma.

A non-amorphous hard carbon material, synthesized from Furan-ring containing compounds, is described. These non-amorphous hard carbon materials have a d.sub.002 peak in their X-ray diffraction patterns, corresponding to an interlayer spacing of >3.6 , along with a prominent D-band peak in their Raman spectra. BET surface area values between 2 m.sup.2/gm and around 100 m.sup.2/gm can be obtained by controlling the processing parameters of temperature, time and heating rate. The higher surface area HCsin Li-ion and Na-ion anode configurationsare capable of high charging rates up to 100 C with a cycle life of up to 1000 cycles. Composites of these non-amorphous hard carbons with silicon and lithium compounds are also disclosed.