A gas light source is disclosed where gas is contained within a graphene cylinder or graphene capsule. Electrodes extending into the graphene cylinder or capsule are stimulated by an electric voltage to emit light. Eight graphene cylinder light sources can be arranged into a seven-segment alpha-numeric display having a decimal point. Different gases produce different colors of light. Three gas light sources having different gases can be arranged into an RGB pixel. An array of RGB pixels can be formed into a display.

The present invention provides a bulb (100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 140) an excitation chamber (200, 210, 220, 230, 230) a ferrite core (300, 310, 310), a spool (400, 410); an assembly or subassembly of such components, and a lamp (100, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1600, 1600, 1700, 1800) for producing electromagnetic radiation, such as in the light spectrum, UV or IR.

A laser sustained plasma lamp includes a mechanically sealed pressurized chamber assembly (330) configured to contain an ionizable material. The chamber assembly is bounded by a chamber tube (310), an ingress sapphire window (340), a first metal seal ring (320) configured to seal against the chamber tube ingress end and the ingress sapphire window, an egress sapphire window (342), and a second metal seal ring (322) configured to seal against the chamber tube egress end and the egress sapphire window. A mechanical clamping structure (350, 355) external to the chamber assembly is configured to clamp across at least a portion of the ingress sapphire window and the egress sapphire window. The ingress sapphire window and the egress sapphire window are not connected to the chamber tube via welding and/or brazing.

Provided is an apparatus for sealing an arc-tube including a jig body including an electrode pin hole into which an end part of the electrode pin inserted into a bypass tube part of the arc-tube is inserted and a connection path connected with the electrode pin hole; and a pressurizing means inserted into the connection path to pressurize and fix the electrode pin positioned at the electrode pin hole. Therefore, the apparatus for sealing an arc-tube can more easily and stably fix the electrode pin during a sealing process.

A fluoroelastomer is formed by polymerizing a reaction mixture that comprises vinyl-functionalized silica cages, tetrafluoroethylene, a perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether, a curative, and a polymerization initiator. The fluoroelastomer has excellent chemical resistance and thermal resistance, and is suitable for use in plasma treatment systems in sealing applications. The fluoroelastomer has reduced particle formation as erosion occurs over time.