An acetic acid bacteria-containing composition comprising nonanal and methylheptenone, and having a peak area ratio of nonanal to methylheptenone (nonanal:methylheptenone), as determined by stir bar sorptive extraction thermal desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SBSE-GC/MS), of 1:10 to 100:1.

A method of manufacturing ostrich antibodies may include immunizing mature female ostriches with a mixture solution comprising Clostridium difficile toxin A and toxin B, obtaining eggs from the immunized ostriches, and purifying egg yolk antibodies from the eggs.

A probiotic composition includes microbes and one or more barrier materials including, on a dry weight basis: about 40% to about 99% (w/w) lipid, and about 0% to about 59% (w/w) of: a carbohydrate, a protein, a polymer, and/or combinations thereof.