A chiral molecule can be defined as a molecule that has a non-superimposable mirror image. These mirror images can be referred to as enantiomers. The enantiomers generally have the same set of bond lengths and bond angles in their three-dimensional geometry. Apparatus and techniques described herein can be used to perform analysis of chiral molecules using cavity-enhanced molecular rotational spectroscopy. A sample cell can define a resonant cavity, and a sample introduction port can provide pulse jet injection of an analyte molecule and a chiral tag to allow analysis of a complex comprising the analyte and chiral tag.

A chiral molecule can be defined as a molecule that has a non-superimposable mirror image. These mirror images can be referred to as enantiomers. The enantiomers generally have the same set of bond lengths and bond angles in their three-dimensional geometry. Apparatus and techniques described herein can be used to perform analysis of chiral molecules using cavity-enhanced molecular rotational spectroscopy. A sample cell can define a resonant cavity, and a sample introduction port can provide pulse jet injection of an analyte molecule and a chiral tag to allow analysis of a complex comprising the analyte and chiral tag.

A multi-frequency klystron has an electron gun which generates a beam, a circuit of bunch-align-collect (BAC) tuned cavities that bunch the beam and amplify an RF signal, a collector where the beam is collected and dumped, and a standard output cavity and waveguide coupled to a window to output RF power at a fundamental mode to an external load. In addition, the klystron has additional bunch-align-collect (BAC) cavities tuned to a higher harmonic frequency, and a harmonic output cavity and waveguide coupled via a window to an additional external load.

A multi-frequency klystron has an electron gun which generates a beam, a circuit of bunch-align-collect (BAC) tuned cavities that bunch the beam and amplify an RF signal, a collector where the beam is collected and dumped, and a standard output cavity and waveguide coupled to a window to output RF power at a fundamental mode to an external load. In addition, the klystron has additional bunch-align-collect (BAC) cavities tuned to a higher harmonic frequency, and a harmonic output cavity and waveguide coupled via a window to an additional external load.

A method of determining a design of a transmission waveguide, the method comprising: providing a system comprising a transmission waveguide connected at a first end thereof to an RF source; generating an electromagnetic field in the system by application of RF energy of a harmonic frequency of the RF source to the transmission waveguide; determining whether a reference location in the RF source meets a requirement relating directly or indirectly to an electromagnetic field in the RF source; and if the requirement is met, outputting the current design of the transmission waveguide as its design.

A method of determining a design of a transmission waveguide, the method comprising: providing a system comprising a transmission waveguide connected at a first end thereof to an RF source; generating an electromagnetic field in the system by application of RF energy of a harmonic frequency of the RF source to the transmission waveguide; determining whether a reference location in the RF source meets a requirement relating directly or indirectly to an electromagnetic field in the RF source; and if the requirement is met, outputting the current design of the transmission waveguide as its design.