A transmission-target x-ray tube can include an x-ray window mounted on a window-housing. The window-housing can be made of a high density material (e.g. 12 g/cm.sup.3) with a high atomic number (e.g. 45), and can include an aperture with an increasing-inner-diameter region, with a smaller diameter closer to the electron-emitter and a larger diameter closer to the window-mount, for blocking x-rays and electrons. An example angle in the increasing-inner-diameter region is between 15 degrees and 35 degrees. The x-ray tube can further comprise a window-cap. The x-ray window can be sandwiched between the window-housing and the window-cap. The window-cap can be made of a high density material (e.g. 12 g/cm.sup.3) with a high atomic number (e.g. 45) for blocking x-rays in undesirable directions, and can include an aperture for allowing x-rays to transmit in desirable directions.

A system and method for generating X-ray radiation. The system includes an electron source operable to generate an electron beam and an X-ray target for generating X-ray radiation upon interaction with the electron beam. The method includes moving the electron beam over an edge separating a first region and a second region of the X-ray target, wherein the first region and the second region have different capability to generate X-ray radiation upon interaction with the electron beam. The system allows for a lateral extension of the electron beam to be determined based on a change in a quantity indicative of the interaction between the electron beam and the first region and between the electron beam and the second region, and the movement of the electron beam.

A radiation emitting target, a radiation generating device, and a radiography system are provided in which adhesion between a target layer and a diamond substrate is improved and stable radiation emitting properties are exhibited. A transmission type target includes a target layer, a carbon-containing region including sp2 bonds, and a diamond substrate that supports the target layer. The carbon-containing region is positioned between the target layer and the diamond substrate.

An x-ray tube can include an electron-emitter, which can include a tube-shape with a minimum inside diameter of at least 0.5 millimeters. The electron-emitter can provide field-emission of electrons, and thus can avoid the electrical power required for heating, and can avoid degradation due to high temperature of, a thermionic-emission electron-emitter. This type of electron-emitter, with a tube-shape, can have a relatively large electron-emission region, allowing high electrical current without excessive current density.

According to one embodiment, an X-ray tube includes a vacuum envelope, a cathode, an anode, and an X-ray transmission assembly. The X-ray transmission assembly includes an X-ray transmission window and an X-ray tube attachment portion. The X-ray tube attachment portion includes a passage port to allow an available X-ray flux to pass therethrough and is opposed to an opening of the vacuum envelope. The passage port has a first shape of a rectangle, an ovally rounded rectangle or a corner-rounded rectangle. The first shape has a longer axis orthogonal to an X-ray tube axis.

Electron beam collimators and linear accelerators include a target and a collimator body. The collimator body has a central aperture that opens at an exit to the target and has a final internal diameter at the exit that defines an electron beam spot size on the target.

According to some aspects, a carrier configured for use with a broadband x-ray source comprising an electron source and a primary target arranged to receive electrons from the electron source to produce broadband x-ray radiation in response to electrons impinging on the primary target is provided. The carrier comprising a housing configured to be removeably coupled to the broadband x-ray source and configured to accommodate a secondary target capable of producing monochromatic x-ray radiation in response to incident broadband x-ray radiation, the housing comprising a transmissive portion configured to allow broadband x-ray radiation to be transmitted to the secondary target when present, and a blocking portion configured to absorb broadband x-ray radiation.

According to some aspects, a carrier configured for use with a broadband x-ray source comprising an electron source and a primary target arranged to receive electrons from the electron source to produce broadband x-ray radiation in response to electrons impinging on the primary target is provided. The carrier comprising a housing configured to be removably coupled to the broadband x-ray source and configured to accommodate a secondary target capable of producing monochromatic x-ray radiation in response to incident broadband x-ray radiation, the housing comprising a transmissive portion configured to allow broadband x-ray radiation to be transmitted to the secondary target when present, and a blocking portion configured to absorb broadband x-ray radiation.

An inspection apparatus for inspecting an inspection target object, includes an X-ray generation tube having a target including an X-ray generation portion that generates X-rays by irradiation with an electron beam, and configured to emit X-rays to the inspection target object, and a plurality of X-ray detectors, wherein each of the plurality of X-ray detectors detects X-rays emitted from a foreign substance existing on an inspection target surface of the inspection target object irradiated with the X-rays from the X-ray generation portion and totally reflected by the inspection target surface.

A radiation emitting target, a radiation generating device, and a radiography system are provided in which adhesion between a target layer and a diamond substrate is improved and stable radiation emitting properties are exhibited. A transmission type target includes a target layer, a carbon-containing region including sp2 bonds, and a diamond substrate that supports the target layer. The carbon-containing region is positioned between the target layer and the diamond substrate.