The present embodiment relates to an electron multiplier or the like having a structure for realizing fast response characteristics as compared with the related art, and the electron multiplier includes at least a dynode unit, a stem, a coaxial cable, a conductive member, and a capacitor. The dynode unit includes multiple-stage dynodes, an anode, and a pair of insulating support members. An end portion of an outer conductor is drawn into the dynode unit together with an exposed portion of an inner conductor constituting a part of one end portion of the coaxial cable. With this configuration, it is possible to arrange the capacitor in a space between the dynode unit and the stem, and it is possible to fix the exposed portion of the inner conductor to a portion of the anode interposed between the pair of insulating support members.

The present embodiment relates to an electron multiplier or the like having a structure for realizing fast response characteristics as compared with the related art, and the electron multiplier includes at least a dynode unit, a stem, a coaxial cable, a conductive member, and a capacitor. The dynode unit includes multiple-stage dynodes, an anode, and a pair of insulating support members. An end portion of an outer conductor is drawn into the dynode unit together with an exposed portion of an inner conductor constituting a part of one end portion of the coaxial cable. With this configuration, it is possible to arrange the capacitor in a space between the dynode unit and the stem, and it is possible to fix the exposed portion of the inner conductor to a portion of the anode interposed between the pair of insulating support members.

Certain embodiments described herein are directed to optical detector and optical systems. In some examples, the optical detector can include a plurality of dynodes, in which one or more of the dynodes are coupled to an electrometer. In other configurations, each dynode can be coupled to a respective electrometer. Methods using the optical detectors are also described.

Certain embodiments described herein are directed to optical detector and optical systems. In some examples, the optical detector can include a plurality of dynodes, in which one or more of the dynodes are coupled to an electrometer. In other configurations, each dynode can be coupled to a respective electrometer. Methods using the optical detectors are also described.

Techniques produce integrated native metal oxide discrete elements which can be used to fabricate discrete dynode electron multiplier (DDEM) devices, for example by creating dynodes with a native oxide as secondary electron emissive (SEE) layer from a metal block. The metal block may comprise or consist of a metal base component, for example Al, Al alloys or BeCu, of metal oxide SEE materials Al2O3 or BeO. Growing a native oxide from these base metals, Al2O3 or BeO eliminates the need of a costly and time-consuming SEE coating on the dynode surface. Furthermore, aluminum alloys offer intrinsic dopant, in particular magnesium where its oxide provides a higher secondary electron yield than the aluminum oxide. The use of aluminum, its alloys or BeCu material block allows flexibility in design and fabrication of DDEM without an SEE coating process.

Techniques produce integrated native metal oxide discrete elements which can be used to fabricate discrete dynode electron multiplier (DDEM) devices, for example by creating dynodes with a native oxide as secondary electron emissive (SEE) layer from a metal block. The metal block may comprise or consist of a metal base component, for example Al, Al alloys or BeCu, of metal oxide SEE materials Al2O3 or BeO. Growing a native oxide from these base metals, Al2O3 or BeO eliminates the need of a costly and time-consuming SEE coating on the dynode surface. Furthermore, aluminum alloys offer intrinsic dopant, in particular magnesium where its oxide provides a higher secondary electron yield than the aluminum oxide. The use of aluminum, its alloys or BeCu material block allows flexibility in design and fabrication of DDEM without an SEE coating process.

The present embodiment relates to an electron multiplier or the like having a structure for realizing fast response characteristics as compared with the related art, and the electron multiplier includes at least a dynode unit, a stem, a coaxial cable, a conductive member, and a capacitor. The dynode unit includes multiple-stage dynodes, an anode, and a pair of insulating support members. An end portion of an outer conductor is drawn into the dynode unit together with an exposed portion of an inner conductor constituting a part of one end portion of the coaxial cable. With this configuration, it is possible to arrange the capacitor in a space between the dynode unit and the stem, and it is possible to fix the exposed portion of the inner conductor to a portion of the anode interposed between the pair of insulating support members.

The present embodiment relates to an electron multiplier or the like having a structure for realizing fast response characteristics as compared with the related art, and the electron multiplier includes at least a dynode unit, a stem, a coaxial cable, a conductive member, and a capacitor. The dynode unit includes multiple-stage dynodes, an anode, and a pair of insulating support members. An end portion of an outer conductor is drawn into the dynode unit together with an exposed portion of an inner conductor constituting a part of one end portion of the coaxial cable. With this configuration, it is possible to arrange the capacitor in a space between the dynode unit and the stem, and it is possible to fix the exposed portion of the inner conductor to a portion of the anode interposed between the pair of insulating support members.

Disclosed herein is a photomultiplier tube (PMT) comprising: an electron ejector configured for emitting primary electrons in response to an incident photon; a detector configured for collecting electrons and providing an output signal representative of the incident photon; and a series of electrodes between the electron ejector and the detector, wherein each of the electrodes is configured for emitting secondary electrons in response to incident electrons, and each of the electrodes includes a bi-metal arc-shaped sheet.

Disclosed herein is a photomultiplier tube (PMT) comprising: an electron ejector configured for emitting primary electrons in response to an incident photon; a detector configured for collecting electrons and providing an output signal representative of the incident photon; and a series of electrodes between the electron ejector and the detector, wherein each of the electrodes is configured for emitting secondary electrons in response to incident electrons, and each of the electrodes includes a bi-metal arc-shaped sheet.