A broadband ultraviolet illumination source for a characterization system is disclosed. The broadband ultraviolet illumination source includes an enclosure having one or more walls, the enclosure configured to contain a gas, and a plasma discharge device based on a graphene-dielectric-semiconductor (GOS) planar-type structure. The GOS structure includes a silicon substrate having a top surface, a dielectric layer disposed on the top surface of the silicon substrate, and at least one layer of graphene disposed on a top surface of the dielectric layer. A metal contact may be formed on the top surface of the graphene layer. The GOS structure has several advantages for use in an illumination source, such as low operating voltage (below 50 V), planar surface electron emission, and compatibility with standard semiconductor processes. The broadband ultraviolet illumination source further includes electrodes placed inside the enclosure or magnets placed outside the enclosure to increase the current density.

A broadband ultraviolet illumination source for a characterization system is disclosed. The broadband ultraviolet illumination source includes an enclosure having one or more walls, the enclosure configured to contain a gas, and a plasma discharge device based on a graphene-dielectric-semiconductor (GOS) planar-type structure. The GOS structure includes a silicon substrate having a top surface, a dielectric layer disposed on the top surface of the silicon substrate, and at least one layer of graphene disposed on a top surface of the dielectric layer. A metal contact may be formed on the top surface of the graphene layer. The GOS structure has several advantages for use in an illumination source, such as low operating voltage (below 50 V), planar surface electron emission, and compatibility with standard semiconductor processes. The broadband ultraviolet illumination source further includes electrodes placed inside the enclosure or magnets placed outside the enclosure to increase the current density.

The present design includes a gas discharge lamp having a base, a closed top cylindrical envelope fixedly mounted to the base, the closed top cylindrical envelope comprising an integrally formed partition defining a pair of openings on opposite sides of the partition, and two electrodes positioned proximate the base, each electrode on an opposite side of the partition. Sides of the partition contact the closed top cylindrical envelope and the partition includes a notch formed proximate an upper edge of the partition thereby establishing an exclusive gas passageway between the pair of openings.

Embodiments of the present invention describe electrical potential energy to electrical kinetic energy converters, ozone generators, and light emitters. A system for energy conversion from electrical potential energy to electrical kinetic energy may include a discharge device and a power supply. The power supply can be coupled with the discharge device, and supplies energy to the discharge device to form an initial electric field. The discharge device may further include at least two electrodes that are either mesh electrodes or wire-array electrodes. Furthermore, a space between the at least two electrodes is filled with a gas medium and an electric field is created by the power supply in a normal direction relative to planes formed by the elements of electrodes.

Flash tubes for photographic use, in particular, a flash tube is adapted to provide a light output adapted to FP-sync, Flat Peak. The flash tube includes a length of glass tubing enclosing a gas for use in the flash tube, a cathode inside a first end part of glass tubing and an anode inside a second end part of glass tubing. The cathode includes an element that helps to ionize the gas that is wound around the cathode, such that a spark stream starts from the upper part of the cathode and is prevented from spreading down wards on the cathode and changing the arc length during the light output adapted to FP-sync.

A flash irradiation device includes: a light-emitting tube sealing a light-emitting gas inside; a pair of discharging electrodes being arranged distant from each other in the first direction; a reflecting member that is disposed on an opposite side of the light-emitting tube from the workpiece; a pair of trigger electrodes on an outer wall surface of the light-emitting tube or in a vicinity of the light-emitting tube, the pair of the trigger electrodes being arranged distant from each other in the first direction; a lighting circuit connected to the pair of the discharging electrodes, the lighting circuit being configured to supply electric power between the pair of the discharging electrodes; and a trigger circuit connected to the pair of the trigger electrodes, the trigger circuit configured to apply a voltage for starting lighting across the pair of the trigger electrodes.

A flash irradiation device includes: a light-emitting tube sealing a light-emitting gas inside; a pair of discharging electrodes being arranged distant from each other in the first direction; a reflecting member that is disposed on an opposite side of the light-emitting tube from the workpiece; a pair of trigger electrodes on an outer wall surface of the light-emitting tube or in a vicinity of the light-emitting tube, the pair of the trigger electrodes being arranged distant from each other in the first direction; a lighting circuit connected to the pair of the discharging electrodes, the lighting circuit being configured to supply electric power between the pair of the discharging electrodes; and a trigger circuit connected to the pair of the trigger electrodes, the trigger circuit configured to apply a voltage for starting lighting across the pair of the trigger electrodes.

A photoionization detector comprised of a gas discharge lamp that ionizes molecules of interest to create ionized molecules and electrons and a sensor having at least one opening for UV light to pass through and electrically conductive patterns on the top and bottom surfaces of the plate. A negative electrical potential pattern can be on one of the top or the bottom surface and can include an interior portion that is at least a first distance away from every edge of the at least one opening. An electron collecting electrode pattern can be on the other of the top or the bottom surface and can substantially fill an area surrounding the opening such that the negative electrical potential pattern and the electron collecting electrode pattern are offset relative to each other. The ionized molecules are collectable by a bias electrode and electrons are collectable by a collector electrode.

There is provided a light-emitting device capable of suppressing a decrease in a light emission amount. A light-emitting device including a container member including a ceramic package provided with a depressed portion serving as a discharge space, and a light transmitting member which is attached to the ceramic package via a joining layer formed of a joining material so as to close the depressed portion; an inert gas encapsulated inside the discharge space; and a couple of discharge electrodes which are disposed in the depressed portion of the ceramic package so as to be spaced from each other, the joining material including glass exhibiting a white color, and oxide ceramic powder.

A light source, with electrodes of alternating polarity attached to a substrate in an excimer ultraviolet (UV) lamp, for generating a plasma discharge between each of the electrodes. The shape of the substrate can shape and control the plasma discharge to reduce exposure of materials susceptible to attack by the halogens. The electrodes can be located such that the plasma discharge occurs in a region where it produces less contact of the halogens with the vulnerable areas of the lamp enclosure. The materials, such as the electrodes, substrate, and envelope, can be selected to withstand corrosive materials. In another embodiment, a plurality of sealed tubes, at least some of which contain an excimer gas are positioned between two electrodes.