Wafer-level packaging structure is provided. First chips are bonded to the device wafer. A first encapsulation layer is formed on the device wafer, covering the first chips. The first chip includes: a chip front surface with a formed first pad, facing the device wafer; and a chip back surface opposite to the chip front surface. A first opening is formed in the first encapsulation layer to expose at least one first chip having an exposed chip back surface for receiving a loading signal. A metal layer structure is formed covering the at least one first chip, a bottom and sidewalls of the first opening, and the first encapsulation layer, followed by an alloying treatment on the chip back surface and the metal layer structure to form a back metal layer on the chip back surface.

An integrated circuit structure includes a source or drain region, and a contact coupled to the source or drain region. A region including metals and semiconductor materials is between the source or drain region and the contact. A first dopant is within the source or drain region, and a second dopants is within the region. In one example, the first dopant is elementally different from the second dopant. In another example, the first dopant is elementally same as the second dopant, wherein a concentration of the first dopant within a section of the source or drain region is within 20% of a concentration of the second dopant within the region, and wherein the section of the source or drain region is at a distance of at most 5 nanometers (nm) from the region.

An integrated circuit structure includes a source or drain region, and a contact coupled to the source or drain region. A region including metals and semiconductor materials is between the source or drain region and the contact. A first dopant is within the source or drain region, and a second dopants is within the region. In one example, the first dopant is elementally different from the second dopant. In another example, the first dopant is elementally same as the second dopant, wherein a concentration of the first dopant within a section of the source or drain region is within 20% of a concentration of the second dopant within the region, and wherein the section of the source or drain region is at a distance of at most 5 nanometers (nm) from the region.

A silicon photonic chip includes a silicon on insulator wafer and an electro-optical device on the silicon on insulator wafer. The electro-optical device is a lateral current injection electro-optical device that includes a slab having a pair of structured doped layers of III-V semiconductor materials arranged side-by-side in the slab, the pair of structured doped layers includes an n-doped layer and a p-doped layer, each of the p-doped layer and the n-doped layer is configured as a two-dimensional photonic crystal. A separation section extends between the pair of structured doped layers, the separation section fully separates the p-doped layer from the n-doped layer. The separation section includes current blocking trenches, and an active region of III-V semiconductor gain materials between the current blocking trenches that form a photonic crystal cavity.

Wafer-level packaging method and package structure are provided. In an exemplary method, first chips are bonded to the device wafer. A first encapsulation layer is formed on the device wafer, covering the first chips. The first chip includes: a chip front surface with a formed first pad, facing the device wafer; and a chip back surface opposite to the chip front surface. A first opening is formed in the first encapsulation layer to expose at least one first chip having an exposed chip back surface for receiving a loading signal. A metal layer structure is formed covering the at least one first chip, a bottom and sidewalls of the first opening, and the first encapsulation layer, followed by an alloying treatment on the chip back surface and the metal layer structure to form a back metal layer on the chip back surface.

A vertical cavity surface emitting laser includes: a supporting base; and a post including an upper distributed Bragg reflecting region, an active layer, and a lower distributed Bragg reflecting region. The upper distributed Bragg reflecting region, the active layer, and the lower distributed Bragg reflecting region are arranged on the supporting base. The lower distributed Bragg reflecting region includes first semiconductor layers and second semiconductor layers alternately with each of the first semiconductor layers having a refractive index lower than that of each of the second semiconductor layers. The upper distributed Bragg reflecting region includes first layers and second layers alternately with each of the first layers having a group III-V compound semiconductor portion and a group III oxide portion. The group III-V compound semiconductor portion contains aluminum as a group III constituent element, and the group III oxide portion surrounds the group III-V compound semiconductor portion.

A method of forming an ohmic contact for a gallium nitride-based compound semiconductor device includes the steps of: forming a metal layered structure including a diffusion barrier layer, an aluminum layer and a metallic unit which are sequentially disposed on a GaN-based epitaxial structure; subjecting the metal layered structure to an oxidation treatment in oxygen atmosphere at 350 C. to 650 C. to obtain the oxidized metal layered structure including an aluminum oxide layer; and subjecting the oxidized metal layered structure and the GaN-based epitaxial structure to an alloying treatment in nitrogen atmosphere to form the ohmic contact therebetween. A GaN-based compound semiconductor device is also disclosed.

What is proposed is a method of producing at least two differently heavily doped subzones (3, 5) predominantly doped with a first dopant type in a silicon substrate (1), in particular for a solar cell. The method comprises: covering at least a first subzone (3) of the silicon substrate (1) in which a heavier doping with the first dopant type is to be produced with a doping layer (7) of borosilicate glass, wherein at least a second subzone (5) of the silicon substrate (1) in which a lighter doping with the first dopant type is to be produced is not covered with the doping layer (7), and wherein boron as a dopant of a second dopant type differing from the first dopant type and oppositely polarized with respect to the same is included in the layer (7), and; heating the such prepared silicon substrate (1) to temperatures above 300 C., preferably above 900 C., in a furnace in an atmosphere containing significant quantities of the first dopant type. Additionally, at least a third doped subzone (15) doped with the second dopant type may be produced by the method additionally comprising, prior to the heating, a covering of the doping layer (7), above the third doped subzone (15) to be produced, with a further layer (17) acting as a diffusion barrier for the first dopant type. The method uses the observation that a borosilicate glass layer seems to promote an in-diffusion of phosphorus from a gas atmosphere and may substantially facilitate a manufacturing for example of solar cells, in particular back contact solar cells.

A semiconductor material layer is deposited on a p-type source/drain region of a p-type transistor device and an n-type source/drain region of an n-type transistor device. The p-type device transistor device and the n-type transistor device are formed on a substrate of a semiconductor device. The semiconductor device includes a trench formed through an inter-level dielectric layer. The inter-level dielectric layer is formed over the n-type transistor device and the p-type transistor device. The trench exposes the p-type source/drain region of the p-type transistor device and the n-type source/drain region of the n-type transistor device. An element is implanted in the semiconductor material layer to form an amorphous layer on p-type source drain region and the n-type source/drain region. The amorphous layer is annealed to form a first metastable alloy layer upon the p-type source/drain region and a second metastable alloy layer upon the n-type source/drain region.

A workpiece alignment system is provided has a light emission apparatus that directs a light beam at a plurality of wavelengths along a path at a shallow angle toward a first side of a workpiece plane at a peripheral region. A light receiver apparatus, receives the light beam on a second side opposite the first side. A rotation device selectively rotates a workpiece support. According controller determines a position of the workpiece based on an amount of the light beam received through the workpiece when the workpiece intersects the path. A sensitivity of the light receiver apparatus is controlled based on a transmissivity of the workpiece. A position of the workpiece is determined when the workpiece is rotated based on the rotational position, an amount of the light beam received, the transmissivity of the workpiece, detection of a workpiece edge, and the controlled sensitivity of the light receiver apparatus.