A method of removing a plurality of portions of a black layer of an electrical conduit for a photovoltaic cell is disclosed. The method includes providing a mandrel having the electrical conduit electroformed in the mandrel. The electrical conduit is formed in a preformed pattern on an outer surface of the mandrel. The electrical conduit has the black layer with a black layer thickness on a side opposite of the outer surface of the mandrel. A beam of a laser is controlled toward the black layer of the electrical conduit. The beam is characterized by laser parameters. The beam of the laser removes the plurality of portions of the black layer on the electrical conduit. Each removed portion of the plurality of portions of the black layer has a thickness equal to the black layer thickness, and a portion area of 5 mm.sup.2 to 20 mm.sup.2.

A transparent electrode with a transparent substrate and a composite layer disposed thereon, wherein the composite layer includes a graphene layer and a plurality of nanoparticles, wherein the nanoparticles are embedded in the graphene layer and extend through a thickness of the graphene layer, and wherein the plurality of nanoparticles are in direct contact with the transparent substrate and a gap is present between the graphene layer and the transparent substrate.

Disclosed is a firing furnace for firing an electrode of a solar cell element, which is provided with: a transfer member, which transfers a substrate having a conductive paste applied thereto; a heating section, which heats the substrate and fires the conductive paste; and a cooling section, which cools the heated substrate. The furnace is also provided with a heating means for heating the transfer member. Specifically, at the time of firing the electrode paste using the wire-type firing furnace, since a wire is fired at a temperature substantially equivalent to the ambient temperature of the heating section, deterioration of yield due to having the electrode damaged by a deposited material of the metal component of the conductive paste is suppressed, said deposited material being deposited on the wire, and the wire-type firing furnace can be continuously used.

A method of fabricating a solar cell is disclosed. The method can include forming a dielectric region on a surface of a solar cell structure and forming a metal layer on the dielectric layer. The method can also include configuring a laser beam with a particular shape and directing the laser beam with the particular shape on the metal layer, where the particular shape allows a contact to be formed between the metal layer and the solar cell structure.

A solar cell can include a silicon semiconductor substrate; an oxide layer on a first surface of the silicon semiconductor substrate; a polysilicon layer on the oxide layer; a diffusion region at a second surface of the silicon semiconductor substrate; a dielectric film on the polysilicon layer; a first electrode connected to the polysilicon layer through the dielectric film; a passivation film on the diffusion region; and a second electrode connected to the diffusion region through the passivation film.

A system of interconnected solar cells is described. The system includes a first solar cell. The system includes a second solar cell adjacent to the first solar cell. The system includes a conductive interconnect configured to conduct electricity between a first terminal of the first solar cell and a second terminal of the second solar cell. The conductive interconnect includes a first end aligned on an axis and configured to conduct electricity at a first terminal on the first solar cell. The conductive interconnect includes a second end aligned on the axis and configured to conduct electricity at a second terminal on the second solar cell. The conductive interconnect includes a center portion connecting the first end to the second end and configured to conduct electricity between the first end and the second end.

A tandem solar cell includes a perovskite solar cell including a perovskite absorption layer, a silicon solar cell placed under the perovskite solar cell, a junction layer placed between the perovskite solar cell and the silicon solar cell, an upper electrode placed on the perovskite solar cell, and a lower electrode placed under the silicon solar cell.

A photovoltaic device (1) with a plurality of photovoltaic modules (1A, IB, . . . , IF), is disclosed herein comprising a stack with a primary electrode layer (12), a secondary electrode layer (16) and a photovoltaic layer (14) arranged between said primary and said secondary electrode layer, at least one of the electrode layers being translucent, the photovoltaic layer (14) at least comprising a first sublayer of a photovoltaic material and a second, charge carrier transport sublayer between said first sublayer and said secondary electrode layer. An serial electrical interconnection between mutually subsequent photovoltaic modules (IB, 1C) is provided by a coupling element of insulating material laterally enclosing an electrically conducting core (17BC) provided in the interface section between the mutually subsequent photovoltaic modules. Therewith a lifetime of the photovoltaic material is improved.

A solar cell panel can include a plurality of solar cells; and a diode member connected to the plurality of solar cells, the diode member being formed of a solar cell unit disposed within the solar cell panel under at least a portion of one of the plurality of solar cells at a non-light-incident region.

A screen printing form (1, 1′) for use in screen printing, in particular for producing a metallic contact structure of a photovoltaic solar cell, having a woven screen printing fabric (1b) with a plurality of elongate woven fabric elements, which are arranged in a first element direction and a second element direction perpendicular thereto, and a stencil (1c), arranged on the woven screen printing fabric (1b) that has at least one opening formed as straight channel with a channel width BK. The woven fabric elements have a spacing AF in the first element direction and a spacing which deviates by less than 5% from AF in the second element direction, and the woven fabric elements have a diameter DG in the first element direction and a diameter which deviates by less than 5% from DG in the second element direction. A screen printing device and screen printing form are also provided.