Disclosed is, inter alia, a method of producing a platinum alloy catalyst using a carbon protective layer. The method includes depositing a transition metal precursor on a Pt/C catalyst including a platinum component and a carbon carrier, placing carbon at the bottom of a reactor separately from the transition metal precursor-deposited Pt/C catalyst by a separation membrane; performing heat treatment on the inside of the; forming a Pt-M/C catalyst coated with a carbon protective layer by passing a gas product generated through thermal decomposition of the placed carbon through the separation membrane, and removing the carbon protective layer from the Pt-M/C catalyst by performing acid treatment on the carbon protective layer coated on the Pt-AMC catalyst.

Provided are electrode assemblies that include framed electrodes comprising a conductive fabric having an edge sealed by an infiltrated sealant, the sealed portion of the fabric being sealed to a frame. Also provided are electrochemical cell stacks that include electrode assemblies according to the present disclosure.

Multilayer cathodes for the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide as well as membrane electrode assemblies and bipolar membrane electrode assemblies comprising the multilayer cathodes are described. More particularly, the multilayer cathodes for the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide comprise a gas diffusion layer, a cathode catalyst layer disposed on the gas diffusion layer, and a permeable carbon dioxide regeneration layer comprising an anion exchange ionomer disposed on the cathode catalyst layer. The uses of the multilayer cathodes, the membrane electrode assemblies and the bipolar membrane electrode assemblies for the production of multicarbon products as well as their processes of manufacturing are also described. Finally, also described are methods for electrochemical production of a multicarbon product using the multilayer cathodes, the membrane electrode assemblies and the bipolar membrane electrode assemblies.

Novel catalytic materials and novel methods of preparing M-NC catalytic materials utilizing a sacrificial support approach and using inexpensive active polymers as the carbon and nitrogen source and readily available metal precursors are described.

A gas diffusion layer for a fuel cell, including a flat electrically conductive material and/or a sintered product of the flat electrically conductive material. The flat electrically conductive material includes at least one fiber material selected from the group consisting of carbon fiber nonwoven fabrics, carbon fiber woven fabrics, and a combination thereof. The at least one fiber material includes at least one fluorine-containing polymer and at least one polymer different from the at least one fluorine-containing polymer selected from the group consisting of polyaryletherketones, polyphenylene sulfides, polysulfones, polyethersulfones, partially aromatic (co)polyamides, polyimides, polyamide-imides, polyether-imides and combinations thereof. The at least one fluorine-containing polymer and the at least one polymer different from the at least one fluorine-containing polymer are applied to the at least one fiber material and/or incorporated therein.