Electrode-supported tubular solid-oxide electrochemical cells suitable for use in electrochemical chemical synthesis and processes for manufacturing such are provided.

A switchable slot valve for a coating plant controls delivery of a pasty coating material. The switchable slot valve has a valve bore incorporated in a valve main body and is aligned in a valve extent direction, and a valve control rod is rotatable to switch between a throughput position and a closed position and is mounted in the valve bore by bearing faces is disposed. To mitigate disruptions by coating material which has made its way into a bearing gap between the valve bore and the bearing faces, depression regions are provided in the region of which the respective outer circumferential part-face does not bear on the inner circumferential face of the valve bore, on the outer circumferential part-faces between the slot-shaped duct inlet and the slot-shaped duct outlet.

A three dimensional electrode structure having a first layer of interdigitated stripes of material oriented in a first direction, and a second layer of interdigitated stripes of material oriented in a second direction residing on the first layer of interdigitated stripes of material. A method of manufacturing a three dimensional electrode structure includes depositing a first layer of interdigitated stripes of an active material and an intermediate material on a substrate in a first direction, and depositing a second layer of interdigitated stripes of the active material and the intermediate material on the first layer in a second direction orthogonal to the first direction.

Electrode-supported tubular solid-oxide electrochemical cells suitable for use in electrochemical chemical synthesis and processes for manufacturing such are provided.

Methods and apparatus for manufacturing a conductive thin film are provided. In one arrangement, compositions of nanowires having different mean aspect ratios are mixed together and applied as a layer on a substrate. In other arrangements a single composition of nanowires is processed in order to increase an aspect ratio variance and the processed composition is applied as a layer on a substrate. The layers thus applied provide an improved balance of electrical conductivity to transparency and are expected to provide improved isotropy in the inplane conductivity.

An electrode structure has a layer of at least two interdigitated materials, a first material being an electrically conductive material and a second material being an ionically conductive material, the materials residing co-planarly on a membrane in fluid form, at least one of the interdigitated materials forming a feature having an aspect ratio greater than one. A method of forming an electrode structure includes merging flows of an electrically conductive material and a second material in a first direction into a first combined flow, dividing the first combined flow in a second direction to produce at least two separate flows, each separate flow including flows of the electrically conductive material and the second material, merging the two separate flows into a second combined flow, repeating the merging and dividing flow as desired to produce a final combined flow, and depositing the final combined flow as an interdigitated structure in fluid form onto a substrate such that at least one of the materials forms a feature in the structure having an aspect ratio greater than one.

A three dimensional electrode structure having a first layer of interdigitated stripes of material oriented in a first direction, and a second layer of interdigitated stripes of material oriented in a second direction residing on the first layer of interdigitated stripes of material. A method of manufacturing a three dimensional electrode structure includes depositing a first layer of interdigitated stripes of an active material and an intermediate material on a substrate in a first direction, and depositing a second layer of interdigitated stripes of the active material and the intermediate material on the first layer in a second direction orthogonal to the first direction.