According to one embodiment, a catalyst-supporting substrate comprises a substrate and a catalyst layer including a plurality of pores, the catalyst layer being supported on the substrate. The average diameter of the section of the pore when the catalyst is cut in the thickness direction of the thickness is 5 nm to 400 nm, and the long-side to short-side ratio of the pore on the section is 1:1 to 10:1 in average.

A method of growing crystals on two-dimensional layered material is provided that includes reversibly hydrogenating a two-dimensional layered material, using a controlled radio-frequency hydrogen plasma, depositing Pt atoms on the reversibly hydrogenated two-dimensional layered material, using Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD), where the reversibly hydrogenated two-dimensional layered material promotes loss of methyl groups in an ALD Pt precursor, and forming Pt-O on the reversibly hydrogenated two-dimensional layered material, using combustion by O.sub.2, where the Pt-O is used for subsequent Pt half-cycles of the ALD process, where growth of Pt crystals occurs.

A method is disclosed for preparing a metal single-atom catalyst for a fuel cell including the steps of depositing metal single atoms to a nitrogen precursor powder, mixing the metal single atom-deposited nitrogen precursor powder with a carbonaceous support, and carrying out heat treatment. The step of depositing metal single atoms is carried out by sputtering, thermal evaporation, E-beam evaporation or atomic layer deposition. The method uses a relatively lower amount of chemical substances as compared to conventional methods, is eco-friendly, and can produce a single-atom catalyst at low cost. In addition, unlike conventional methods which are limited to certain metallic materials, the present method can be applied regardless of the type of metal.

A metal-doped graphene and a growth method of the same are provided. The metal-doped graphene includes graphene and metal elements, wherein the metal elements accounts for 1-30 at % based on the total content of the metal-doped graphene. The growth method includes performing a PECVD by using a carbon precursor, a metal precursor, and a group VI precursor in order to grow the metal-doped graphene.

Manufacturing apparatus, systems and method of making silicon (Si) nanowires on carbon based powders, such as graphite, that may be used as anodes in lithium ion batteries are provided. In some embodiments, an inventive tumbler reactor and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) system and method for growing silicon nanowires on carbon based powders in scaled up quantities to provide production scale anodes for the battery industry are described.

A fuel cell includes: an electrolyte layer; a base electrode formed on one side of the electrolyte layer; and a catalyst electrode formed on the other side of the electrolyte layer to be apart from the base electrode with the electrolyte layer interposed therebetween. The catalyst electrode includes: a first electrode portion that covers a part of the electrolyte layer; and a second electrode portion that covers a part of a surface of the first electrode portion to form an electrode portion interface in contact with the first electrode portion.

Described herein are methods of forming an electrocatalyst structure on an electrode, comprising depositing a first layer on the electrode using atomic layer deposition (ALD), wherein the first layer comprises a plurality of discrete nanoparticles of a first electrocatalyst, and depositing one or more of a second layer on the first layer and the electrode using ALD, wherein the one or more second layer comprises a second electrocatalyst, wherein the first layer and the one or more second layers, collectively, form a multi-layer electrocatalyst structure on the electrode. Also described are electrodes having a multi-layer electrocatalyst structure. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present disclosure.

A manufacturing process includes: depositing a catalyst support on a gas diffusion layer to form a catalyst support-coated gas diffusion layer; depositing a catalyst on the catalyst support-coated gas diffusion layer to form a catalyst-coated gas diffusion layer; and depositing an ionomer on the catalyst-coated gas diffusion layer to form an ionomer-coated gas diffusion layer. A membrane electrode assembly for a fuel cell includes: a gas diffusion layer; a polymer electrolyte membrane; and a catalyst layer disposed between the gas diffusion layer and the polymer electrolyte membrane, wherein the catalyst layer includes an ionomer, and a concentration of the ionomer varies within the catalyst layer according to a concentration profile.

A positive electrode for metal-air battery, comprising: a plurality of carbon nanotube films comprising a first carbon nanotube layer comprising a plurality of first carbon nanotubes; and a second carbon nanotube layer adjacent to the first carbon nanotube layer and comprising a plurality of second carbon nanotubes, wherein an alignment direction of the plurality of first carbon nanotubes in the first carbon nanotube layer and an alignment direction of the plurality of second carbon nanotubes in the second carbon nanotube layer are different from each other, and wherein an average specific tensile strength of the plurality of carbon nanotube films is greater than or equal to about 0.1 gigapascal per gram per cubic centimeter and less than or equal to about 1 gigapascal per gram per cubic centimeter.

Provided is a manufacturing method of an electrode for an electrochemical reaction, which is capable of minimizing a loss of a metal precursor and simultaneously reducing a manufacturing time. An embodiment of the present invention provides a manufacturing method of an electrode for an electrochemical reaction, which includes a process of forming a metal thin-film on a substrate disposed in a reactor and in which the metal thin-film is formed as a metal precursor gas derived from a metal precursor is thermally decomposed by a CO.sub.2-laser.