Redox flow devices are described including a positive electrode current collector, a negative electrode current collector, and an ion-permeable membrane separating said positive and negative current collectors, positioned and arranged to define a positive electroactive zone and a negative electroactive zone; wherein at least one of said positive and negative electroactive zone comprises a flowable semi-solid composition comprising ion storage compound particles capable of taking up or releasing said ions during operation of the cell, and wherein the ion storage compound particles have a polydisperse size distribution in which the finest particles present in at least 5 vol % of the total volume, is at least a factor of 5 smaller than the largest particles present in at least 5 vol % of the total volume.

A microwatt fuel cell stack that demonstrates a wide range temperature tolerance, low reactant cross-over and leakage, low internal leakage current, and/or effective water transport is disclosed. Both H.sub.2 and O.sub.2 may be supplied directly to the fuel cell stack (i.e., dead-ended). One-piece gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) may serve as both the active electrode and manifold port. Water removal may be accomplished by permeation through the membrane to “fins” exposed by notches in the bipolar plates and gaskets.

A microwatt fuel cell stack that demonstrates a wide range temperature tolerance, low reactant cross-over and leakage, low internal leakage current, and/or effective water transport is disclosed. Both H.sub.2 and O.sub.2 may be supplied directly to the fuel cell stack (i.e., dead-ended). One-piece gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) may serve as both the active electrode and manifold port. Water removal may be accomplished by permeation through the membrane to “fins” exposed by notches in the bipolar plates and gaskets.

A solid oxide fuel cell or solid oxide electrolyzer includes a plurality of fuel cell layers stacked along a stacking axis. Each fuel cell layer including a stacked arrangement of elements including a cathode, an anode, an electrolyte located between the anode and the cathode, a support layer positioned at the anode opposite the electrolyte, and a separator plate located at the support layer opposite the anode. The separator plate is configured to contact the cathode of an adjacent fuel cell layer of the plurality of fuel cell layers. The separator plate defines a plurality of anode flow channels configured to deliver a fuel therethrough and a plurality of cathode flow channels configured to deliver an air flow therethrough. The separator plate is formed from a bulk metallic glass material.

A fuel cell includes a plurality of fuel cell layers stacked along a stacking axis. Each fuel cell layer includes a stacked arrangement of elements including a cathode, an anode, an electrolyte positioned between the anode and the cathode, a support layer positioned at the anode opposite the electrolyte, and a separator plate located at the support layer opposite the anode. The support layer is configured to contact the cathode of an adjacent fuel cell layer of the plurality of fuel cell layers. The separator plate defines a plurality of anode flow channels configured to deliver a fuel therethrough and a plurality of cathode flow channels configured to deliver an air flow therethrough.

Disclosed is an electrochemical cell with ceramic components having a ceramic/metal gradient below a ceramic outer layer.

The disclosed invention includes articles having advantageous ceramic layers with a ceramic/metal intermediate layer that diminishes towards a pure metal core. Such articles have substantial use in unconventional, harsh environments.

The disclosed invention includes articles having advantageous ceramic layers with a ceramic/metal intermediate layer that diminishes towards a pure metal core. Such articles have substantial use in unconventional, harsh environments.

Improved contact between interconnect and oxygen electrode material is achieved through a contact point between an electrode or a contact layer and a coated ferritic stainless steel interconnect, where the coating on the metallic interconnect comprises Cu.

Improved contact between interconnect and oxygen electrode material is achieved through a contact point between an electrode or a contact layer and a coated ferritic stainless steel interconnect, where the coating on the metallic interconnect comprises Cu.