Aluminum can be used as a fuel source when reacted with water if its native surrounding oxide coating is penetrated with a gallium-based eutectic. When discrete aluminum objects are treated in a heated bath of eutectic, the eutectic penetrates the oxide coating. After the aluminum objects are treated, the aluminum objects can be reacted in a reactor to produce hydrogen which can, for example, react with oxygen in a fuel cell to produce electricity, for use in a variety of applications.

An air supply system for a fuel cell includes: a fuel cell stack in which multiple unit cells are stacked and that generates electricity through chemical reactions, an air channel to supply incoming air containing oxygen to the fuel cell stack and to transfer air discharged from the fuel cell stack to the outside of the air supply system, and a gas adsorption unit that is disposed on the air channel, positioned near an outlet of the fuel cell stack, and adsorbs oxygen contained in the air introduced into the air channel.

The present invention relates to a composite material for hydrogen storage based on metal hydrides and to a method of operating a hydrogen storage system based on metal hydrides capable of releasing and absorbing hydrogen. Such hydrogen storage systems based on metal hydrides may be applicable as a fuel source for a fuel cell. The composite material for hydrogen storage comprises a powder or pellets of a hydride and a phase changing material (PCM), wherein the PCM is an encapsulated phase changing material (EPCM) which is homogeneously dispersed within the powder or pellets of the hydride.

Among other things, a gas storage system includes a group of capsules and an activation element coupled to the group. The group of capsules are formed within a substrate and contain gas stored at a relatively high pressure compared to atmospheric pressure. The activation element is configured to deliver energy in an amount sufficient to cause at least one of the capsules to release stored gas.

The present invention discloses a hydrogen supply apparatus and a method for operating the apparatus, which can protect a fuel cell and extend the service life of a fuel cell. The hydrogen supply apparatus includes a large-capacity hydrogen storage apparatus, a small-capacity hydrogen storage apparatus, a second shut-off valve, and a pressure reducing valve, etc. The small-capacity hydrogen storage apparatus is automatically filled with fuel gas when the fuel cell is operating, and when the fuel cell is in standby mode, fuel gas is transferred into the fuel cell by controlling the opening and closing time and the period of the second shut-off valve, so that protection of the fuel cell and extension of the fuel cell life are realized.

A fuel cell system and a method for operating the fuel cell system, wherein the fuel cell system includes a fuel cell, a controller, a switch, an oxygen supply device and an output circuit. The fuel cell includes an anode and a cathode. The fuel cell is a cathode enclosed fuel cell. The controller is used to drive control signal for adjusting the electrochemical metering ratio of oxygen flow, supplied by the oxygen supply device, to output current, wherein the electrochemical metering ratio is ‘a’, and ‘a’ satisfies: 1≤a≤4. The method of the present disclosure uses the fuel cell system of the present disclosure, which optimizes the performance of a fuel cell and makes the output interruption time very short; hence it is highly beneficial for providing a more stable output.

The present invention relates to energy storage systems and reactors useful in such systems. Inventive reactors comprise a reaction vessel defining an inner volume and a compensation element, whereby said inner volume is filled with a fixed bed that is essentially free of cavities and that comprises particles of formula (I), FeOx (I), where 0≤x≤1.5; said compensation element is adapted to adjust said inner volume. The reactors are inherently explosion—proof and thus suited for large scale use. The systems are useful for compensating long-term fluctuations observed in production of renewable energy.

A method for operating a solid oxide fuel cell device is provided, which includes: using waste heat arising during the operation of the solid oxide fuel cell to produce cold by means of a refrigeration machine integrated in a refrigeration circuit for cooling of the exhaust gas at the anode side, condensing the water in the exhaust gas arising at the anode side with the aid of the refrigeration machine by a first water condenser, separating the water by a water separator, compressing the CO.sub.2 exhaust gas flow at the anode side, wherein the cooling power produced by the refrigeration machine is used for cooling of the CO.sub.2 exhaust gas flow, and storing the compressed CO.sub.2 in a CO.sub.2 storage.

A solid oxide fuel cell device and a motor vehicle having a solid oxide fuel cell device are also provided.

A heat to electricity converter including a working fluid and a pair of membrane electrode assemblies (MEA) is provided. Each MEA includes a pair of electrodes which are electron conductive and permeable to the working fluid, and a thin film electrolyte membrane sandwiched between the electrodes. The membrane is conductive of ions of the working fluid and has a thickness of 0.03 μm to 10 μm. At least one electrode of each MEA includes a non-porous and dense metal. One electrode of each MEA is in contact with the working fluid at a first, higher pressure, while the other electrode is in contact with the working fluid at a second, lower pressure. The first MEA is configured to compress the working fluid from the second pressure to the first pressure, while the second MEA is configured to expand the working fluid from the first pressure to the second pressure.

The present invention relates to a hydrogen gas composition comprising specific gas contaminants at threshold limit values (as listed in the ISO 14687:2019 standard). The invention also concerns a metal cylinder such as an aluminium cylinder comprising a hydrogen gas composition according to the invention.

The hydrogen gas composition of the invention may be used as a calibration composition and/or quality control composition for controlling hydrogen fuels.