[Problem] Provided is a proton-conducting membrane that exhibits high proton conductivity even in low-humidity or anhydrous environments.

[Solving means] A proton-conducting membrane that comprises a crosslinked polymer and a plasticizer, wherein the crosslinked polymer contains repeating units containing proton-donating groups in an amount equal to 10 mol % or more of repeating units constituting the crosslinked polymer, and at least 60 mass % of the plasticizer is a proton-donating compound with a pKa of 2.5 or less, and, the proton-conducting membrane is a viscoelastic solid in the temperature range of from 20° C. to 125° C.

[Problem] Provided is a proton-conducting membrane that exhibits high proton conductivity even in low-humidity or anhydrous environments.

[Solving means] A proton-conducting membrane that comprises a crosslinked polymer and a plasticizer, wherein the crosslinked polymer contains repeating units containing proton-donating groups in an amount equal to 10 mol % or more of repeating units constituting the crosslinked polymer, and at least 60 mass % of the plasticizer is a proton-donating compound with a pKa of 2.5 or less, and, the proton-conducting membrane is a viscoelastic solid in the temperature range of from 20° C. to 125° C.

Cationic polymers are provided that comprise monomeric units of Formula (V). (V) Each asterisk (*) indicates an attachment position to another monomeric unit; R is hydrogen or methyl; each R.sup.2 is each independently an alkyl, aryl, or a combination thereof; L is a linking group comprising an alkylene group; and +R.sup.3 is a cationic nitrogen-containing group free of any N—H bonds. Membranes formed from said cationic polymers, devices including such membranes, and methods of making such cationic polymers are also provided.

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A composite membrane and moisture adjustment module using the same is disclosed. The composite membrane includes a moisture-permeable resin layer interposed between porous membranes that constitute a pair; and the mean thickness of the moisture-permeable resin layer is 5 μm or less.

A composite membrane and moisture adjustment module using the same is disclosed. The composite membrane includes a moisture-permeable resin layer interposed between porous membranes that constitute a pair; and the mean thickness of the moisture-permeable resin layer is 5 μm or less.

Disclosed is an ion conducting layer for fuel cells, through which ions generated by oxidation of liquid fuel pass before the ions reach a membrane in a fuel cell. The ion conducting layer includes: a substrate into which the liquid fuel and an electrolyte are introduced; and pores formed in the substrate, wherein the pores are formed at a porosity of 10% or more in the substrate to suppress a crossover phenomenon in which the liquid fuel passes through the membrane.

Disclosed is an ion conducting layer for fuel cells, through which ions generated by oxidation of liquid fuel pass before the ions reach a membrane in a fuel cell. The ion conducting layer includes: a substrate into which the liquid fuel and an electrolyte are introduced; and pores formed in the substrate, wherein the pores are formed at a porosity of 10% or more in the substrate to suppress a crossover phenomenon in which the liquid fuel passes through the membrane.

The redox flow secondary battery includes an electrolytic cell including a positive electrode cell, a negative electrode cell, and a separation membrane that separates the positive electrode cell and the negative electrode cell. Moreover, the above described redox flow secondary battery is configured as follows. That is, the separation membrane has a microporous membrane and an ion-exchange resin layer contacting the microporous membrane, and the air resistance of the separation membrane per thickness of 200 μm is 10000 sec/100 cc or more. Furthermore, the microporous membrane includes a polyolefin resin or a vinylidene fluoride resin and an inorganic filler. Further, the smoothness of at least a surface of the microporous membrane contacting the ion-exchange resin layer is 16000 seconds or less.

The present disclosure relates to a composition that includes a first layer that includes a polymer having a repeat unit with a structure that includes

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where m is between 2 and 100, inclusively, the repeat unit is protonated at at least one of position A) and/or B) and/or sulfonated at at least one of rings 1) and/or 2), R.sub.1 includes at least one of a lone pair of electrons, a covalent bond, hydrogen, and/or a hydrocarbon functional group, R.sub.2 includes at least one of a lone pair of electrons, a covalent bond, hydrogen, and/or a hydrocarbon functional group, and is a covalent bond.

The present disclosure relates to a composition that includes a first layer that includes a polymer having a repeat unit with a structure that includes

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where m is between 2 and 100, inclusively, the repeat unit is protonated at at least one of position A) and/or B) and/or sulfonated at at least one of rings 1) and/or 2), R.sub.1 includes at least one of a lone pair of electrons, a covalent bond, hydrogen, and/or a hydrocarbon functional group, R.sub.2 includes at least one of a lone pair of electrons, a covalent bond, hydrogen, and/or a hydrocarbon functional group, and is a covalent bond.