A solid oxide fuel cell comprising an anode layer, an electrolyte layer, and a two phased cathode layer. The two phased cathode layer comprises praseodymium and gadolinium-doped ceria. Additionally, the solid oxide fuel cell does not contain a barrier layer.

A solid oxide fuel cell according to this invention can provide a solid oxide fuel cell with improved performance, by loading an alkali-based promoter in an anode.

A solid oxide fuel cell according to this invention can provide a solid oxide fuel cell with improved performance, by loading an alkali-based promoter in an anode.

Some embodiments of the present invention provide solid oxide cells and components thereof having a metal oxide electrolyte that exhibits enhanced ionic conductivity. Certain of those embodiments have two materials, at least one of which is a metal oxide, disposed so that at least some interfaces between the domains of the materials orient in a direction substantially parallel to the desired ionic conductivity.

Some embodiments of the present invention provide solid oxide cells and components thereof having a metal oxide electrolyte that exhibits enhanced ionic conductivity. Certain of those embodiments have two materials, at least one of which is a metal oxide, disposed so that at least some interfaces between the domains of the materials orient in a direction substantially parallel to the desired ionic conductivity.

Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to a diesel reformer system comprising: a diesel autothermal reforming unit; a post-reforming unit disposed downstream of the autothermal reforming unit; a heat exchanger disposed downstream of the post-reforming unit; and a desulfurization unit disposed downstream of the heat exchanger.

Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to a diesel reformer system comprising: a diesel autothermal reforming unit; a post-reforming unit disposed downstream of the autothermal reforming unit; a heat exchanger disposed downstream of the post-reforming unit; and a desulfurization unit disposed downstream of the heat exchanger.

A redox ion exchange membrane may include an electrically-conductive material; and redox-active materials associated with that material, the redox-active materials having reversible oxidation and reduction properties. The redox-active materials may be inorganic nanostructures on the electrically-conductive material. A hydrogen production device and a fuel cell device may include such a redox ion exchange membrane positioned between the cathode and anode. A method of producing hydrogen gas may include providing a cathode, an anode, and a redox ion exchange membrane positioned between the cathode and the anode, and applying electrical power to the cathode and the anode; where that applying causes simultaneous reciprocal reduction and oxidation reactions on opposite sides of the redox ion exchange membrane, such that H+ is released on one side of the redox ion exchange membrane

A redox ion exchange membrane may include an electrically-conductive material; and redox-active materials associated with that material, the redox-active materials having reversible oxidation and reduction properties. The redox-active materials may be inorganic nanostructures on the electrically-conductive material. A hydrogen production device and a fuel cell device may include such a redox ion exchange membrane positioned between the cathode and anode. A method of producing hydrogen gas may include providing a cathode, an anode, and a redox ion exchange membrane positioned between the cathode and the anode, and applying electrical power to the cathode and the anode; where that applying causes simultaneous reciprocal reduction and oxidation reactions on opposite sides of the redox ion exchange membrane, such that H+ is released on one side of the redox ion exchange membrane

Herein discussed is a method of heating a material having a surface comprising exposing the surface to an electromagnetic radiation source emitting a first wavelength spectrum; receiving a second wavelength spectrum from the surface using a detector at a sampling frequency; wherein the first wavelength spectrum and the second wavelength spectrum have no greater than 10% of overlap, wherein the overlap is the integral of intensity with respect to wavelength. In an embodiment, the first wavelength spectrum and the second wavelength spectrum have no greater than 5% of overlap or no greater than 3% of overlap or no greater than 1% of overlap or no greater than 0.5% of overlap. In an embodiment, exposing the surface to the radiation source causes the material to sinter at least partially.