An E-plane waveguide circulator for use in a high power microwave circuit is provided. The circulator has three or more waveguide ports intersecting at a junction, wherein the junction has an upper inner surface and a lower inner surface positioned in an opposing relationship to said upper inner surface. The circulator further includes at least one radial composite resonator positioned within the junction, the resonator being comprised of a composite made of a centrally disposed ferrite element and a solid dielectric layer disposed concentrically with and adjacent externally to said centrally disposed ferrite element. In use, a magnetic field source applies an external magnetic field to the radial composite resonator, the external magnetic field having a magnitude above the magnetic resonance associated with the radial composite resonator.

Apparatus and methods related to ferrite based circulators are disclosed. A ferrite disk used in a circulator can be configured to reduce intermodulation distortion when routing radio-frequency signals having closely spaced frequencies. Such a reduction in intermodulation distortion can be achieved by adjusting magnetization at the edge portion of the ferrite disk. By way of an example, a ferrite disk with a reduced saturation magnetization (4PiMs) edge portion can reduce intermodulation distortion. Example configurations with such a reduced 4PiMs edge portions are disclosed.

Apparatus and methods related to ferrite based circulators are disclosed. A ferrite disk used in a circulator can be configured to reduce intermodulation distortion when routing radio-frequency signals having closely spaced frequencies. Such a reduction in intermodulation distortion can be achieved by adjusting magnetization at the edge portion of the ferrite disk. By way of an example, a ferrite disk with a reduced saturation magnetization (4PiMs) edge portion can reduce intermodulation distortion. Example configurations with such a reduced 4PiMs edge portions are disclosed.

A waveguide circulator for use in a high power microwave circuit is provided. The circulator has three or more waveguide ports intersecting at a junction, wherein the junction has an upper inner surface and a lower inner surface positioned in an opposing relationship to said upper inner surface. The circulator further includes at least one radial bi-composite resonator positioned within the junction, the radial bi-composite resonator being comprised of a radial component including a composite made of a centrally disposed ferrite element and a solid dielectric layer disposed concentrically with and adjacent externally to said centrally disposed ferrite element and a dielectric stack covering at least in part a surface of the radial component of the radial bi-composite resonator. In use, a magnetic field source applies an external magnetic field to the radial bi-composite resonator.

A waveguide circulator for use in a high power microwave circuit is provided. The circulator has three or more waveguide ports intersecting at a junction, wherein the junction has an upper inner surface and a lower inner surface positioned in an opposing relationship to said upper inner surface. The circulator further includes at least one radial bi-composite resonator positioned within the junction, the radial bi-composite resonator being comprised of a radial component including a composite made of a centrally disposed ferrite element and a solid dielectric layer disposed concentrically with and adjacent externally to said centrally disposed ferrite element and a dielectric stack covering at least in part a surface of the radial component of the radial bi-composite resonator. In use, a magnetic field source applies an external magnetic field to the radial bi-composite resonator.

An antenna coupling device is disclosed. The device includes a first isolator that includes an input port and an output port and a first circulator that includes a first port, a second port, and a third port. The first port of the first circulator is coupled with the output port of the first isolator; and the second port of the first circulator is configured for coupling with a first antenna. The device also includes a second isolator that includes an input port and an output port. The input port of the second isolator is coupled with the third port of the first circulator.

An antenna coupling device is disclosed. The device includes a first isolator that includes an input port and an output port and a first circulator that includes a first port, a second port, and a third port. The first port of the first circulator is coupled with the output port of the first isolator; and the second port of the first circulator is configured for coupling with a first antenna. The device also includes a second isolator that includes an input port and an output port. The input port of the second isolator is coupled with the third port of the first circulator.

A micromechanical resonator having one or more anchoring stems which are hollow to increase resonator Q factor. By way of example a micromechanical disk resonator embodiment is shown utilizing a resonant micromechanical disk anchored by a stem between at least one electrode used for input and output. To increase resonator Q, a hollow stem is utilized in which an outer thickness of stem material surrounds a hollow area interior of the stem, or that is fabricated with a plurality of vias and/or fabricated substructures containing hollow spaces in the stem material. Measurements have confirmed that Q values can be increased using the hollow core stems by a factor of 2.9 times in certain implementations and operating modes.

A micromechanical resonator having one or more anchoring stems which are hollow to increase resonator Q factor. By way of example a micromechanical disk resonator embodiment is shown utilizing a resonant micromechanical disk anchored by a stem between at least one electrode used for input and output. To increase resonator Q, a hollow stem is utilized in which an outer thickness of stem material surrounds a hollow area interior of the stem, or that is fabricated with a plurality of vias and/or fabricated substructures containing hollow spaces in the stem material. Measurements have confirmed that Q values can be increased using the hollow core stems by a factor of 2.9 times in certain implementations and operating modes.

Systems and methods for using power dividers for improved ferrite circulator RF power handling are provided. In one embodiment, a method for switching RF power using a high power circulator switch comprises: operating a ferrite circulator switch to direct RF power to either a first output port or a second output port, the ferrite circulator switch comprising at least three ferrite circulators arranged as a triad switch, wherein a first circulator is coupled to the first output port, a second circulator is coupled to the second output port; and using a waveguide power divider coupled between the first circulator and the second circulator, distributing reflected RF power received at the first output port or the second output port between a plurality of waveguide loads.