A directional coupler according to the invention includes an opening in a wall surface of a waveguide, and a coupling line on an outer side of the waveguide. The opening is configured to not cross a tube axis of the waveguide in plan view, and to emit a circularly polarized wave. The coupling line includes first and second transmission lines and output parts disposed at both ends, the first and second transmission lines extending across the opening to cross the tube axis in plan view and being opposed to each other across the center of the opening. The first and second transmission lines are interconnected at a position displaced from an area vertically above the opening.

One or more embodiments of the present invention describe an apparatus and method to combine unequal powers. The apparatus includes a first input port, a second input port, and a combiner. The first input port is operably connected to a first power amplifier and is configured to receive a first power from the first power amplifier. The second input port is operably connected to a second power amplifier and is configured to receive a second power from the second power amplifier. The combiner is configured to simultaneously receive the first power from the first input port and the second power from the second input port. The combiner is also configured to combine the first power and second power to produce a maximized power. The first power and second power are unequal.

This transformer includes primary and secondary tracks (10, 20) that are coupled to one another by mutual inductance, the primary and secondary tracks being superimposed on top of each other in two parallel planes while being arranged to follow the same contour (C), the plane of the primary track corresponding to the main conductive layer of the circuit, said layer being deposited on a substrate (30), and the secondary track being supported, plumb with the primary track, by supporting means including walls (41-46; 51-56), each wall bearing directly on the substrate and against a lower surface (24) of the secondary track (20), and having a length (L) larger than a width (I), and having a height allowing a predetermined interval to be created between an upper surface (14) of the primary track (10) and the lower surface (24) of the secondary track (20).

A structure can include a first element and a carrier bonded to the first element along an interface. A waveguide can be defined at least in part along the interface between the first element and the carrier. The waveguide can comprise an effectively closed metallic channel and a dielectric material within the effectively closed metallic channel, as viewed from a side cross-section of the structure. Various millimeter-wave or sub-terahertz components or circuit structures can also be created based on the waveguide structures disclosed herein.

In one aspect, a Y-splitter includes a first arm having a first port, a second arm having a second port, a third arm having a third port, a fourth arm having a fourth port and a Y-split portion having a first end coupled to the first arm, a second end coupled to the second arm, a third end coupled to the third arm and a fourth end coupled to the fourth arm. The Y-split portion splits a signal from a first signal path from the first port into a second signal on a second signal path and a third signal on a third signal path. A first angle between the second signal path and the first signal path is greater than 90 degrees and a second angle between the third signal path and the first signal path is greater than 90 degrees.

Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, generating, by a first hollow waveguide coupled to a first dielectric coupler, a first electromagnetic wave that couples onto a transmission medium, generating, by a second hollow waveguide coupled to a second dielectric coupler, a second electromagnetic wave that couples onto the transmission medium, combining the first electromagnetic wave and the second electromagnetic wave combine to form a combined electromagnetic wave that propagates along the transmission medium without requiring an electrical return path, and adjusting a first phase of the first electromagnetic wave, a second phase of the second electromagnetic wave, or both to adjust a wave mode of the combined electromagnetic wave. Other embodiments are disclosed.

A cross-guide coupler for use in a waveguide network is provided. The cross-guide coupler comprises a main waveguide arm having an input port and a transmitted port and a hollow metallic conduit therebetween. The cross-guide coupler also comprises a secondary arm positioned substantially transversely relative to the main arm and being fastened to the main arm, wherein the secondary arm includes a substrate integrated waveguide.

An RF module comprises a circuit board, a waveguide antenna, first and second semiconductor circuit devices, and first, second, and third RF ports. The first semiconductor circuit device including a local oscillator to generate a local oscillator signal. The circuit board includes a first opening between the first RF port and a first waveguide port for transferring the local oscillator signal from the first RF port into the first hollow waveguide. The circuit board includes a second opening between the second RF port and a second waveguide port to receive the local oscillator signal from the first hollow waveguide. The second semiconductor circuit device is configured to process a first RF signal based on the received local oscillator signal. The circuit board includes a third opening for transferring the first RF signal between the third RF port and a third waveguide port.

A cross-guide coupler for use in a waveguide network is provided. The cross-guide coupler comprises a main waveguide arm having an input port and a transmitted port and a hollow metallic conduit therebetween. The cross-guide coupler also comprises a secondary arm positioned substantially transversely relative to the main arm and being fastened to the main arm, wherein the secondary arm includes a substrate integrated waveguide.

A directional coupler assembly includes a waveguide housing. The waveguide housing has a first segment and a second segment. A first waveguide port and a second waveguide port are disposed on opposite sides of the waveguide housing. A third waveguide port is disposed on a third side of the waveguide housing, the third waveguide port being disposed substantially orthogonal to the first waveguide port and the second waveguide port. A main coupler board is disposed between the first segment and the second segment and communicatively couples the first waveguide port, the second waveguide port and the third waveguide port.