Disclosed embodiments include a device having a transmitter circuit that includes an input to receive data blocks that are part of a set of incoming data, a parity bit generator to append a number of parity bits to each of the received data blocks, a first encoder to apply a first type of encoding to create first coded blocks based on the received data blocks and the parity bits, an interleaver to interleave symbols in the first coded blocks to create additional blocks having a block size, wherein the number of parity bits appended to each of the received blocks is based on the block size, and a second encoder to apply a second type of encoding to create an output based on the additional blocks, wherein the second type of encoding is different from the first type of encoding.

A method for communicating over a wireless backhaul channel comprising generating a radio frame comprising a plurality of time slots, wherein each time slot comprises a plurality of symbols in time and a plurality of sub-carriers in a system bandwidth, broadcasting a broadcast channel signal comprising a transmission schedule to a plurality of remote units in a number of consecutive sub-carriers centered about a direct current (DC) sub-carrier in at least one of the time slots in the radio frame regardless of the system bandwidth, and transmitting a downlink (DL) control channel signal and a DL data channel signal to a first of the remote units, wherein the DL data channel signal is transmitted by employing a single carrier block transmission scheme comprising a Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) spreading for frequency diversity.

A method for uplink (UL) wireless backhaul communication at a wireless backhaul remote unit in a radio access network comprising receiving a configuration for radio frames and a transmission schedule through a downlink (DL) physical layer broadcast channel, wherein the transmission schedule comprises a transmission allocation for the remote unit, generating a UL data frame, wherein generating the UL data frame comprises performing forward error correction (FEC) encoding on a data bit stream to generate a plurality of FEC codewords, wherein performing the FEC encoding comprises performing Reed Solomon (RS) encoding on the data bit stream to generate a plurality of RS codewords, performing byte interleaving on the RS codewords, and performing Turbo encoding on the byte interleaved RS codewords to generate one or more Turbo codewords, wherein each Turbo codeword is encoded from more than one RS codeword, and transmitting the UL data frame according to the transmission allocation.

A transmitting system, receiving system, and a method of processing broadcast signals are disclosed. The method for processing a broadcast signal in a broadcast receiver comprises receiving a DTV signal including a data group, the data group including mobile service data, segmented known data sequences, long known data sequences and transmission parameter data, compensating carrier frequency offset of the DTV signal and channel-equalizing the carrier frequency offset compensated DTV signal using at least one of the long known data sequences and segmented known data sequences in the data group of the DTV signal, wherein the channel-equalizing includes performing a Error Correction (FEC) decoding on data located between the segmented known data sequences, and. estimating Channel Impulse Response (CIR) using the FEC decoded data as known data.

In an aspect, an apparatus receives content to be transmitted and generates a first turbo encoded codeword from the content through use of a first turbo encoder. The apparatus is further configured to generate an interleaved codeword based on the first turbo encoded codeword through use of an interleaver, generate a second turbo encoded codeword from the interleaved codeword through use of a second turbo encoder, and transmit at least a portion of the second turbo encoded codeword. In another aspect, an apparatus receives data including outer turbo encoded, interleaved, inner turbo encoded content. The apparatus generates a first decoded instance of the data, generates a de-interleaved instance of the data based on the first decoded instance of the data, generates a second decoded instance of the data from the de-interleaved instance of the data, and performs a CRC on the second decoded instance of the data.

A method and apparatus for operating a satellite system including different satellites that may belong to different types of satellite constellations. In some implementations, the satellite system may include a LEO satellite constellation and one or more non-LEO satellite constellations that can be used to increase the forward link capacity of the LEO satellite constellation, for example, by allowing an LEO satellite to offload at least some of its forward link traffic to one of the non-LEO satellites. The user terminals can dynamically switch forward link communications between a LEO satellite and a non-LEO satellite while maintaining a return link connection with the LEO satellite.

A method for uplink (UL) wireless backhaul communication at a wireless backhaul remote unit in a radio access network comprising receiving a configuration for radio frames and a transmission schedule through a downlink (DL) physical layer broadcast channel, wherein the transmission schedule comprises a transmission allocation for the remote unit, generating a UL data frame, wherein generating the UL data frame comprises performing forward error correction (FEC) encoding on a data bit stream to generate a plurality of FEC codewords, wherein performing the FEC encoding comprises performing Reed Solomon (RS) encoding on the data bit stream to generate a plurality of RS codewords, performing byte interleaving on the RS codewords, and performing Turbo encoding on the byte interleaved RS codewords to generate one or more Turbo codewords, wherein each Turbo codeword is encoded from more than one RS codeword, and transmitting the UL data frame according to the transmission allocation.

A method and apparatus for operating a satellite system including different satellites that may belong to different types of satellite constellations. In some implementations, the satellite system may include a LEO satellite constellation and one or more non-LEO satellite constellations that can be used to increase the forward link capacity of the LEO satellite constellation, for example, by allowing an LEO satellite to offload at least some of its forward link traffic to one of the non-LEO satellites. The user terminals can dynamically switch forward link communications between a LEO satellite and a non-LEO satellite while maintaining a return link connection with the LEO satellite.

A method for uplink (UL) wireless backhaul communication at a wireless backhaul remote unit in a radio access network comprising receiving a configuration for radio frames and a transmission schedule through a downlink (DL) physical layer broadcast channel, wherein the transmission schedule comprises a transmission allocation for the remote unit, generating a UL data frame, wherein generating the UL data frame comprises performing forward error correction (FEC) encoding on a data bit stream to generate a plurality of FEC codewords, wherein performing the FEC encoding comprises performing Reed Solomon (RS) encoding on the data bit stream to generate a plurality of RS codewords, performing byte interleaving on the RS codewords, and performing Turbo encoding on the byte interleaved RS codewords to generate one or more Turbo codewords, wherein each Turbo codeword is encoded from more than one RS codeword, and transmitting the UL data frame according to the transmission allocation.

Methods and apparatus for transmitting and receiving broadcast signals are provided. The method for transmitting a broadcast signal includes encoding mobile data for forward error correction (FEC), encoding signaling data, forming data groups including the encoded mobile data and the encoded signaling data and transmitting a signal frame that includes the data groups.