This application discloses a physical uplink control channel sending method, a receiving method, and a communication apparatus. The method includes: A terminal device determines a first transmission manner from a plurality of transmission manners including a first non-frequency hopping transmission manner, and sends a PUCCH to a network device in the first transmission manner. The first non-frequency hopping transmission manner is: sending the PUCCH without frequency hopping in a time unit. UCI on the PUCCH includes a first part and a second part, the first part is sent by using an orthogonal sequence whose length is L1, and the second part is sent by using an orthogonal sequence whose length is L2. The UCI is divided into two parts, and is sent without frequency hopping by using orthogonal sequences with a same length or different lengths.

Techniques are provided for utilizing a hybrid of ultra-wideband (UWB) and narrowband (NB) signaling to provide more efficient operating range and operating efficiency. For example, a first device may transmit a packet via an NB signal to a second device, whereby the packet comprises information indicating a time period for reception of a plurality of fragments, respectively, via a UWB signal. The first device may then transmit a first fragment of the plurality of fragments to the second device via the UWB signal, whereby the first fragment comprises an intermediary base sequence, the intermediary base sequence being aperiodic and comprising a first set of first sequences and a second set of second sequences. In some embodiments, the intermediary base sequence may contain at least one gap interval that may be used to identify a signature of the link between the first device and the second device.

Techniques are provided for utilizing a hybrid of ultra-wideband (UWB) and narrowband (NB) signaling to provide more efficient operating range and operating efficiency. For example, a first device may transmit a packet via an NB signal to a second device, whereby the packet comprises information indicating a time period for reception of a plurality of fragments, respectively, via a UWB signal. The first device may then transmit a first fragment of the plurality of fragments to the second device via the UWB signal, whereby the first fragment comprises an intermediary base sequence, the intermediary base sequence being aperiodic and comprising a first set of first sequences and a second set of second sequences. In some embodiments, the intermediary base sequence may contain at least one gap interval that may be used to identify a signature of the link between the first device and the second device.

A frequency interference prediction system, used to electronically detect signals transmitted from one or more devices at a specified frequency. For each of the detected signals, the frequency interference prediction system detects the packet error rate, signal strength, and frequency channel and records the time the signal was detected. The frequency interference prediction system determines whether there is interference on the frequency channel at the time the signal was detected based on the packet error rate, signal strength, and frequency channel. The frequency interference prediction system then predicts whether there will be interference on the signal at a future time based on the determination that there was interference on the frequency channel and the times the signals were detected.

One embodiment can provide a method and a system for performing multiple radio frequency allocation. During operation, the system including a controller can receive, a Wi-Fi channel allocation and a filter bank configuration associated with a Wi-Fi radio transceiver. The system can determine one or more Internet of things (IoT) radio transceivers operating with the Wi-Fi radio transceiver. For a respective IoT radio transceiver, the system can perform the following operations: determining a set of scores based on a set of constraints associated with an application type for the IoT radio transceiver; and computing a weighted average score based on the set of scores; and determining a channel allocation for the IoT radio transceiver based on the weighted average score and the Wi-Fi channel allocation.

A terminal device receives a first BWP hopping pattern from a network device. The first BWP hopping pattern includes one or more pieces of configuration information for switching between a first BWP and a second BWP. The terminal device switches between the first BWP and the second BWP based on the first BWP hopping pattern. The switching between the first BWP and the second BWP includes switching from the first BWP to the second BWP and switching from the second BWP to the first BWP.

Disclosed is an ultra-wideband (UWB) system and, more particularly, a UWB system using UWB ranging factor definition. The UWB system using the UWB ranging factor definition includes a memory in which a UWB ranging factor definition program is embedded and a processor which executes the program, wherein the program predefines UWB ranging factors to define a scrambled timestamp sequence (STS) index, an encryption key, and a nonce.

The disclosed methods and systems use artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies to model the usage and interference on each channel. For example, units of the system can measure channel interference regularly over the time of day on all radios. The interference information is communicated to the base unit or a cloud server for pattern analysis. Interference measurements include interference from units within the system as well as interference from nearby devices. The base unit or the cloud server can recognize the pattern of the interference. Further, connected devices have a number of network usage characteristics observed and modeled including bitrate, and network behavior. These characteristics are used to assign channels to connected devices.

A search-based heuristic for assigning frequencies to transmitters in a fixed spectrum frequency assignment (FS-FA) telecommunications network in order to satisfy a set of frequency constraints is described. Each connection in a network must have a frequency assigned from the spectrum which satisfies the set of constraints, which specify the frequency separation which is necessary between frequencies assigned to different transmitters. Violation of these constraints creates interference, which must be minimized. The exemplary heuristic has two main components: a local search heuristic and a compound move. The local search heuristic employs one-change moves and a lookup table that classifies all possible one-change moves as positive or negative, which are chosen until a locally minimal solution is found. The compound move operation shifts the local search to a new location in the search space. The local search and compound move are iterated until a total interference cost function is minimized.

The present invention includes a battery system including a battery pack having a metal housing capable of accommodating a plurality of battery modules, a plurality of slave battery management systems configured to manage the plurality of battery modules, and a master battery management system installed outside the metal housing to wirelessly communicate with a first battery management system among the plurality of slave battery management systems, wherein the first slave battery management system which communicates with the master battery management system is installed at a boundary of the metal housing so as not to be shielded with the metal housing.