Embodiments of this application disclose a collective communication method, apparatus, and system. The method includes: A first network device receives a first packet; the first network device receives at least one second packet; and the first network device sends a third packet based on the first packet and the at least one second packet. When no connection is established between the first network device and a terminal device, the first network device may aggregate and distribute collective communication packets by using a connection between the first terminal device and another terminal device.

The techniques disclosed herein provide a system that can generate targeted positioning of message content for multi-user communication interfaces. In some configurations a system may generate a user interface that displays a number of video stream renderings, wherein individual video stream renderings, e.g., thumbnail views, show a participant of a communication session. When one of the participants sends the user a private message, the system renders at least a portion of the private message in a semi-transparent format as an overlay on the video rendering of the sender. This allows a traditional video stream interface to also function as an organizer for private messages sent to a particular user. This user interface format allows a user to readily identify a broader perspective of chat activity without requiring a user to enter specific chat user interfaces or provide a number of manual input entries to view the private chat content.

A method of broadcasting an information packet in a network including a sender of the packet and a plurality of recipients connected by a network equipment of a routing server, the routing server including a physical computing system and a software system, and the physical computing system operating alternatively between a kernel mode and a user mode. The software system controls the implementation of a step of receiving the packet, and, for each recipient, a step of duplicating the packet. The software system also controls the implementation of a step of routing the packet thanks to an IP address of the recipient, and a step of sending the packet to the recipient, wherein each step is executed by the physical computing system in kernel mode.

Methods, systems, and apparatus for optimizing communication in a blockchain network. An example method includes establishing, by a first relay node in the blockchain network, a connection with a first blockchain node in the blockchain network in response to a connection request of the first blockchain node; receiving, by the first relay node, a registration request transmitted by the first blockchain node; generating, by the first relay node, a registration event based on the registration request; updating, by the first relay node, a local routing table based on the registration event; and forwarding, by the first relay node, a message of the first blockchain node to another relay node or another blockchain node in the blockchain network that is connected to the first relay node based on the local routing table.

Some embodiments provide a method of multicasting data in a segregated logical network with multiple network segments. The network segments each have at least one router. The multicast originates from a multicast source in a first network segment and goes to multicast receivers in several other network segments. In the method, the router of the first network segment receives encoding data for a set of virtual tunnel endpoints (VTEPs) of the receivers. The router then receives the multicast data from the multicast source. For each VTEP, the router then encodes the data for the receiver using the encoding data for the VTEP of the receiver. The router then sends (e.g., as a unicast) the encoded data to a router of the network segment of the receiver. The router performing the method may be a domain router of the network segment of the receiver.

A method is performed at a router configured to perform Bit Index Explicit Replication (BIER) for forwarding of multicast packets in a network. The method includes, upon receiving a multicast packet of a multicast flow, accessing flow mappings in which multicast flows are mapped to fixed accounting values corresponding to the multicast flows. The method further comprises generating a BIER header for the multicast packet by encoding a multi-segment entropy field of the BIER header with (i) a variable entropy value for equal-cost multi-path (ECMP) load balancing, and (ii) a fixed accounting value among the fixed accounting values that is mapped to the multicast flow in the flow mappings. The method also includes encapsulating the multicast packet with the BIER header to produce an encapsulated multicast packet, and forwarding the encapsulated multicast packet.

The invention relates to a wireless communication system comprising a plurality of radio devices. Each radio device belongs to one or more radio neighborhoods and is capable of repeating the transmission of the broadcast message regardless of whether the radio device is operating as a router device or as a non-router device. The radio devices belonging to each radio neighborhood are configured to repeat collectively a transmission of a broadcast message a collective target amount of repetitions within each radio neighborhood. Each radio device within each radio neighborhood to which it belongs is arranged to: define a total repetition load value representing a contribution of said radio device to the collective target amount of repetitions of the broadcast message within said radio neighborhood, and decide whether to repeat the transmission of the broadcast message in accordance with the defined total repetition load value. The invention relates also to a method for the wireless communication system, a radio device for the wireless communication system, a method for the radio device, a computer program, and a tangible non-volatile computer readable medium.

This application provides a BIER packet sending method. The method includes: receiving a BIER packet that is encapsulated using an IPv6 protocol and that is sent by a second forwarding device, where the BIER packet includes an IPv6 basic header and a BIER header, a destination address field in the IPv6 basic header is a first IPv6 address of the first forwarding device; determining, based on an identifier corresponding to a first IPv6 address in a forwarding table, to perform BIER forwarding on the BIER packet, where the identifier is used to indicate that the first IPv6 address is a destination address for BIER forwarding. In the technical solution provided in this application, a node may determine, based on the identifier of the first IPv6 address, to perform BIER forwarding on the BIER packet.

Embodiments of this application disclose a collective communication method, apparatus, and system. The method includes: A first network device receives a first packet; the first network device receives at least one second packet; and the first network device sends a third packet based on the first packet and the at least one second packet. When no connection is established between the first network device and a terminal device, the first network device may aggregate and distribute collective communication packets by using a connection between the first terminal device and another terminal device.

A message-limiting mechanism for enabling computing devices to self-organize into groups based on network proximity can entail the transmission of values based on hierarchical evaluation such that only a computing device having a most extreme value continues to transmit. The values utilized can be randomly generated and their broadcast can facilitate the identification of computing devices that are proximate, by network distance. Each computing device can retain a most extreme value received, unless a value generated by that computing device itself is more extreme, in which case the computing device can continue periodic broadcasts of its value. Each computing device can report its retained values, or its own value if no values were retained, and groupings can be generated based on the values reported by the computing devices. The grouping of computing devices can then facilitate the identification of peers, including for purposes of downloading content from such peers.