A communication network authenticates the source of messages transmitted on a flat bus to determine the presence of spoofing events. A programmable intrusion detection device is connected to the bus at a fixed location and compiles templates for various tri-bit signal pulses that form the data transmitted as messages between network nodes. Each tri-bit template compares unique signal characteristics inherent in the signal waveform received by the device from each node, the unique characteristics being directly attributable to the physical topology of the network. In use, the device uses the templates to calculate an inferred source identifier for each message. The inferred source identifier is then compared against the declared source identifier, which is embedded in message metadata, to authenticate the message source. Any lack of reconciliation between the inferred and declared source identifiers causes the device to mark the message as spoofed and initiate a designated response.

An advanced warning light system of the present disclosure has a controller area network (CAN) bus for transmitting messages and at least one controller that monitors operations of a motorcycle, the at least one controller further transmits a message on the CAN bus when a monitored operation occurs on the motorcycle, the message having data indicating that the vehicle is slowing down. The system further has a processor that receives the message from the CAN bus indicating that the vehicle is slowing down, the processor further illuminates an advanced warning light on a back of a helmet being worn by a rider to indicate to a driver following the motorcycle that the motorcycle is slowing down.

A method and apparatus for determining a port rate determines a channel transmission rate of an SAS port including N physical channels. The method includes: determining M different negotiated rates of the N physical channels; separately determining M total port bandwidths corresponding to the M different negotiated rates; and determining a negotiated rate corresponding to a largest total port bandwidth in the M total port bandwidths as a channel transmission rate of the port. A lowest negotiated rate is no longer used as the channel transmission rate of the port, but the negotiated rate corresponding to the largest total port bandwidth is determined as the channel transmission rate of the port.

Various systems and methods for bus-off attack detection are described herein. An electronic device for bus-off attack detection and prevention includes bus-off prevention circuitry coupled to a protected node on a bus, the bus-off prevention circuitry to: detect a transmitted message from the protected node to the bus; detect a bit mismatch of the transmitted message on the bus; suspend further transmissions from the protected node while the bus is analyzed; determine whether the bit mismatch represents a bus fault or an active attack against the protected node; and signal the protected node indicating whether a fault has occurred.

The fully-automatic closed-loop detection method includes: comparing a SCD file of a to-be-tested substation with a device-type data template file, so as to determine whether configuration information about the to-be-tested substation is correct; when the configuration information about the to-be-tested substation is correct, parsing the SCD file of the to-be-tested substation and generating a SSD topological diagram of the to-be-tested substation; and acquiring a testing item from a predetermined testing item library in accordance with the SSD topological diagram of the to-be-tested substation, generating a testing scheme for the to-be-tested substation, performing a testing operation and outputting a testing result.

A communication system includes a master node and one more slave nodes connected via a transmission line. The master node is configured to output a first PWM signal having a shorter low level time and a second PWM signal having a longer low level time. The slave node is configured to output the second PWM signal when detecting a high to low signal level change on the transmission line. The master node detects a time delay as measured from when an input signal to a transmission buffer falls to when an output signal from a reception buffer falls. The time delay is an index value used to change the low level time of the first PWM signal when the time delay is equal to or less than a preset value.

According to one embodiment, an Ethernet communication device is configured to be connected to one or more twisted-pair links, each twisted-pair link having a particular capacity. The Ethernet communication device includes a physical interface transceiver. The physical interface transceiver sets a data transmission rate of the Ethernet communication device based on a total capacity of the twisted-pair links connected to the Ethernet communication device. The physical interface transceiver transmits data over the twisted-pair links connected to the Ethernet communication device at the data transmission rate.

A communication system includes a master node and one more slave nodes connected via a transmission line. The master node is configured to output a first PWM signal having a shorter low level time and a second PWM signal having a longer low level time. The slave node is configured to output the second PWM signal when detecting a high to low signal level change on the transmission line. The master node detects a time delay as measured from when an input signal to a transmission buffer falls to when an output signal from a reception buffer falls. The time delay is an index value used to change the low level time of the first PWM signal when the time delay is equal to or less than a preset value.

Ethernet link extension methods and devices provide, in one illustrative embodiment, an Ethernet link extender with physical medium attachment (PMA) circuits each having a transmitter and receiver that communicate with a respective node in a sequence of communication phases. The sequence includes at least an auto-negotiation phase and a subsequent training phase, the phases occurring simultaneously for both PMA circuits. In the auto-negotiation phase, the PMA circuits operate in a pass-through mode, rendering the extender transparent to the two nodes. In the training phase, the PMA circuits operate independently, sending training frames to their respective nodes based in part on received back-channel information and locally-determined training status information. The training phases may be prolonged if needed to provide a simultaneous transition to a frame-forwarding phase of the sequence.

The disclosure provides a data communication method and apparatus, an electronic device, and a storage medium. The method includes: receiving controller area network (CAN) bus data transmitted by a first device; executing a first flow-control based transmission between the first connector and the first device to obtain respective consecutive frame data in multi-packet data from the first device, upon detecting that the CAN bus data is first frame data in the multi-packet data; and transmitting the first frame data and the respective consecutive frame data to a second connector to indicate that the second connector transmits the multi-packet data to a second device through a second flow-control based transmission, when or after executing the first flow-control based transmission between the first connector and the first device.