This invention is related to an Express Traversal (EXTRA) Network on Chip (NoC) comprising a number of EXTRA routers. The EXTRA NoC comprises a Buffer Write and Route Computation (BW/RC) pipeline, a Switch Allocation-Local (SA-L) pipeline, a Setup Request (SR) pipeline, a Switch Allocation-Global (SA-G) pipeline, and a Switch Traversal and Link Traversal (ST/LT) pipeline. The BW/RC pipeline is configured to write an incoming flit to an input buffer(s) of a start EXTRA router and compute the route for the incoming head flit by selecting an output port to depart from the start EXTRA router. The SA-L pipeline is configured to arbitrate the start EXTRA router to choose an input port and an output port for a winning flit. The SR pipeline is configured to handle the transmission of a number of SR signals from the start EXTRA router to downstream EXTRA routers.

Implementations described herein are directed to satellite transmitters and receivers for applying OFDM-like signaling in broadband satellite transmissions. In such systems, one or more data signals may be shaped and composited into a composite data signal at an OFDM-like transmitter for transmission over a satellite channel. The data signals that are carried over the satellite channel by the composited signal may have their own carrier, and each signal may carry multiple OFDM subcarriers. Further implementations are directed to correcting for distortion in satellite communications systems that utilize OFDM-like signaling. This distortion correction may account for the linear and nonlinear distortion introduced by the high power amplifier of a satellite receiving a composite signal, the linear and nonlinear distortion caused by the interaction of the signals in the composite, the linear and nonlinear distortion caused by the interaction between OFDM subcarriers, and/or the linear and nonlinear distortion caused by inter-carrier interference.

Implementations described herein are directed to satellite transmitters and receivers for applying OFDM-like signaling in broadband satellite transmissions. In such systems, one or more data signals may be shaped and composited into a composite data signal at an OFDM-like transmitter for transmission over a satellite channel. The data signals that are carried over the satellite channel by the composited signal may have their own carrier, and each signal may carry multiple OFDM subcarriers. Further implementations are directed to correcting for distortion in satellite communications systems that utilize OFDM-like signaling. This distortion correction may account for the linear and nonlinear distortion introduced by the high power amplifier of a satellite receiving a composite signal, the linear and nonlinear distortion caused by the interaction of the signals in the composite, the linear and nonlinear distortion caused by the interaction between OFDM subcarriers, and/or the linear and nonlinear distortion caused by inter-carrier interference.

An interfabric link between two separate Fibre Channel fabrics so that devices in one fabric can communicate with devices in another fabric without requiring the merger of the two fabrics. The interfabric switch performs a conversion or a translation of device addresses in each fabric so that they are accessible to the other fabric. This translation is preferably done using a private to public loop address translation. In a first embodiment the external ports of the interfabric switch are configured as E_ports. A series of internal ports in each interfabric switch are joined together forming a series of virtual or logical switches. The virtual switches are then interconnected using private loops. The use of the private loop is enabled by the presence of translation logic which converts fabric addresses to loop addresses and back so that loop and fabric devices can communicate. Because each port can do this translation and the private loop addressing does not include domain or area information, the change in addresses between the fabrics is simplified. In a second embodiment the external ports are configured as NL_ports and the connections between the virtual switches are E_ports. Thus the private to public and public to private translations are done at the external ports rather than the internal ports as in the prior embodiment. The virtual switches in the interfabric switch match domains with their external counterparts so that the virtual switches effectively form their own fabric, connected to the other fabrics by the private loops.

An interfabric link between two separate Fibre Channel fabrics so that devices in one fabric can communicate with devices in another fabric without requiring the merger of the two fabrics. The interfabric switch performs a conversion or a translation of device addresses in each fabric so that they are accessible to the other fabric. This translation is preferably done using a private to public loop address translation. In a first embodiment the external ports of the interfabric switch are configured as E_ports. A series of internal ports in each interfabric switch are joined together forming a series of virtual or logical switches. The virtual switches are then interconnected using private loops. The use of the private loop is enabled by the presence of translation logic which converts fabric addresses to loop addresses and back so that loop and fabric devices can communicate. Because each port can do this translation and the private loop addressing does not include domain or area information, the change in addresses between the fabrics is simplified. In a second embodiment the external ports are configured as NL_ports and the connections between the virtual switches are E_ports. Thus the private to public and public to private translations are done at the external ports rather than the internal ports as in the prior embodiment. The virtual switches in the interfabric switch match domains with their external counterparts so that the virtual switches effectively form their own fabric, connected to the other fabrics by the private loops.

A message transmission method and system, and a network device and an electronic medium are disclosed. The message transmission method may include: receiving a Layer 2 message sent by a first user equipment; acquiring a forwarding port number and a newly added message header, and determining a message encapsulation mode; encapsulating the Layer 2 message based on the message encapsulation mode, the forwarding port number, and the newly added message header to obtain a Layer 3 message; and sending the Layer 3 message to a second forwarding device.

A method, a terminal, and a base station for asynchronous uplink transmission are provided, to reduce an uplink data transmission latency and signaling overheads when a terminal and a base station are in out-of-synchronization state. The method includes: obtaining asynchronous transmission parameter information that is the same as that of a base station, where asynchronous transmission parameter information includes physical resource information, modulation and coding scheme information, and physical resource frame format information, and the physical resource frame format information includes length information of a physical resource frame; determining a length of an asynchronous transmission frame according to the physical resource frame format information; and sending first uplink information to the base station according to the asynchronous transmission parameter information by using the asynchronous transmission frame.

A method, a terminal, and a base station for asynchronous uplink transmission are provided, to reduce an uplink data transmission latency and signaling overheads when a terminal and a base station are in out-of-synchronization state. The method includes: obtaining asynchronous transmission parameter information that is the same as that of a base station, where asynchronous transmission parameter information includes physical resource information, modulation and coding scheme information, and physical resource frame format information, and the physical resource frame format information includes length information of a physical resource frame; determining a length of an asynchronous transmission frame according to the physical resource frame format information; and sending first uplink information to the base station according to the asynchronous transmission parameter information by using the asynchronous transmission frame.

An integrated circuit is described. The integrated circuit comprises a first portion having programmable resources; a second portion having hardened circuits including an analog-to-digital converter circuit configured to receive an input signal and generate an output signal; and a monitor circuit configured to receive an output signal generated by the analog-to-digital converter circuit; wherein the monitor circuit is configurable to control a calibration of the analog-to-digital converter circuit based upon signal characteristics of the output signal generated by the analog-to-digital converter circuit. A method of receiving data in an integrated circuit is also described.

An integrated circuit is described. The integrated circuit comprises a first portion having programmable resources; a second portion having hardened circuits including an analog-to-digital converter circuit configured to receive an input signal and generate an output signal; and a monitor circuit configured to receive an output signal generated by the analog-to-digital converter circuit; wherein the monitor circuit is configurable to control a calibration of the analog-to-digital converter circuit based upon signal characteristics of the output signal generated by the analog-to-digital converter circuit. A method of receiving data in an integrated circuit is also described.