A device may include a memory storing instructions and a processor configured to execute the instructions to identify a communication link between a first domain object and a second domain object; identify a first endpoint associated with the first domain object and a second endpoint associated with the second domain object; and determine a location relationship between the first endpoint and the second endpoint. The processor may be further configured to select a communication mechanism based on the determined location relationship; instruct the first endpoint to communicate with the second endpoint using the selected communication mechanism; and instruct the second endpoint to communicate with the first endpoint using the selected communication mechanism.

This application provides a packet transmission method and apparatus. The method includes: receiving, by a first transmission device, a first VXLAN packet sent by a first service device through a first virtual extensible local area network VXLAN tunnel; determining, by the first transmission device, first egress information corresponding to a first BD and a first destination media access control MAC address, based on a correspondence between the first BD, the first destination MAC address, and the first egress information; generating, by the first transmission device, a second VXLAN packet based on the first VXLAN packet and the first egress information, where the second VXLAN packet includes a second VNI and an Ethernet frame; and sending, by the first transmission device sends the second VXLAN packet to a second transmission device through a second VXLAN tunnel. This application facilitates more flexible packet transmission.

An information transmission method and an apparatus, where the method includes: determining, by an application function network element, an association relationship of a port pair corresponding to a protocol data unit (PDU) session; determining delay information of the port pair; and sending port pair information to a time sensitive networking (TSN) system, where the port pair information includes the association relationship of the port pair and the delay information of the port pair. In the embodiments of this application, attribute information of a virtual switching node can be obtained and reported in a 5.sup.th generation (5G) system, such that a TSN system plans a transmission path of a TSN flow on the virtual switching node and a network resource for the transmission path.

An example includes a manager gateway of a gateway cluster, comprising processing circuitry and a memory including instructions that cause the gateway to generate a virtual IP address for each gateway of the gateway cluster. The instructions further cause the gateway to receive an indication that a client device has joined a LAN. The instructions further cause the gateway to determine an anchor gateway to which the client device is to be anchored. The instructions further cause the gateway to transmit a first message anchoring the client device to the anchor gateway. The instructions further cause the gateway to transmit a second message offering an address to the client device.

Methods and systems are described for assigning the proper internet protocol (IP) address to a client device following authentication of the client device on a network. In particular, at commencement of an authentication procedure of the client device, a role is associated with the client device that denies all DHCP renews/requests. By assigning a role to the client device 103 with a “deny DHCP renew/request” rule at the commencement of an authentication procedure, the systems and methods described herein ensure that a race condition does not allow the client device to renew an IP address in an old segment of the network. Accordingly, the client device may avoid a possibly improper IP address in a segment of the network system in which the client device is no longer associated with or operating on.

A packet transmission method, implemented by a first network device includes determining a first master logical interface, where the first master logical interface is associated with a first virtual network identifier and a first sub-logical interface, and the first sub-logical interface is associated with a second virtual network identifier, and receiving an advertisement packet from a second network device through the first master logical interface, where the advertisement packet includes the first virtual network identifier, first internet protocol (IP) information associated with the first virtual network identifier, the second virtual network identifier, and second IP information associated with the second virtual network identifier.

Redundant Layer 2 Domain Interconnection may be provided. First, a first device in a first domain may be designated as an active device in response to the first device in the first domain negotiating with a second device in the first domain. The first device in the first domain may be connected to a first device in a second domain. The first domain may use a first protocol and the second domain may use a second protocol. Next, the first device in the first domain in response to being designated as the active device, may allow data traffic to pass between the first device in the first domain and the first device in the second domain. Then the second device in the first domain may be designated as a standby device in response to the first device in the first domain negotiating with the second device in the first domain. The second device in the first domain may be connected to a second device in the second domain. The second device in the first domain, in response to being designated as the standby device, may then block data traffic between the second device in the first domain and the second device in the second domain.

Security policies are translated into access-control list entries and can be stored by switches in the computer network. When a new device is connected to the computer network, the device may be resolved to the group for which it is a member and an ACL entry may be created for the new device. In networks having redundant switches, the ACL entries may be stored by each redundant network switch.

Described herein are systems and methods for preventing switch loops in a layer 2 network. A method can provide, at a computer including a microprocessor, two or more virtual local area networks (VLANs), each VLAN comprising a number of bridges, a plurality of end nodes connected to the two or more VLANs via a plurality of network interface cards (NICs). The method can connect two of the plurality of nodes to two of the VLANs via two or more tunnels. The method can receive a first instance of a broadcast packet at a bridge of a VLAN, and then receive a second instance of the broadcast packet is the bridge of the VLAN. Upon the second instance of the broadcast packet being received within a configured time period, the method can drop the second instance of the broadcast packet.

A network system is connected to a first physical network comprising: a first data transmission node that transmits data used for a first service and a second data transmission node that transmits data used for a second service and to a second physical network including at least one apparatus for receiving data from the first and the second data transmission nodes, and constructs a virtual network for each service between the first and the second physical networks.