The present invention is to generate a spatially phase modulated electron wave. A laser radiating apparatus, a spatial light phase modulator, and a photocathode are provided. The photocathode has a semiconductor film having an NEA film formed on a surface thereof, and a thickness of the semiconductor film is smaller than a value obtained by multiplying a coherent relaxation time of electrons in the semiconductor film by a moving speed of the electrons in the semiconductor film. According to the configuration, a spatial distribution of phase and a spatial distribution of intensity of spatial phase modulated light are transferred to an electron wave, and the electron wave emitted from an NEA film is modulated into the spatial distribution of phase and the spatial distribution of intensity of the light. Since the spatial distribution of phase of the light can be modulated as intended by a spatial phase modulation technique for light, it is possible to generate an electron wave having a spatial distribution of phase modulated as intended.

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method, device, and computer readable medium for channel equalization. The method comprises receiving, at a first device, a first signal from a second device via a plurality of subcarriers over a communication channel; sampling the first signal to obtain sampled symbols; and generating a second signal based on the obtained sampled symbols using a direct association between sampled symbols and payloads, the second signal indicating a payload of the first signal carried on an effective subcarrier of the plurality of subcarriers. Through the use of the direct association between sampled symbols and payloads, it is possible to achieve channel equalization in a less complicated, more reliable, and cost-effective manner, so as to extract the payload in the received signal.

A base station apparatus provided with a function of performing communication using multiple beams implements appropriate beamforming while reducing interference power, thereby communication quality becomes stable and frequency efficiency or throughput is improved. The base station apparatus according to the present invention is a base station apparatus for communicating with a terminal apparatus, the base station apparatus including: a transmitter configured to transmit a synchronization signal block including a synchronization signal in a prescribed transmission window; and a controller configured to configure a size of the prescribed transmission window in which the synchronization signal block is transmitted, in which the transmitter notifies the terminal apparatus of information associated with QCL between two of the synchronization signal blocks transmitted in the prescribed transmission window.

A system for controlling equalization applied to a received signal comprising an equalizer configured to equalize on a received signal to generate an equalized signal, and a clock recovery module configured to recover a clock signal from the equalized signal or the received signal. A clock adjustment system is configured to receive the clock signal, and at least one control signal, to create a sampling clock signal. A filter is configured to filter the equalized signal to create a filtered signal. A sampling unit samples the filtered signal or the equalized signal such that the output of the sampling unit is provided to a controller. The controller is configured to receive and process the output of the sampling unit to generate a boost signal, and the controller is further configured to provide the boost signal to the equalizer to control the amount of equalization performed by the equalizer.

A conformance testing method including: obtaining a testing symbol pattern in an optical signal; performing equalization compensation on the testing symbol pattern; generating a testing eye pattern; calculating a value of a first parameter based on the testing eye pattern and a noise enhancement coefficient, where the first parameter is used to determine a transmitter dispersion eye pattern closure degree of the optical transmitter; and when the value of the first parameter is less than or equal to a preset threshold, determining that conformance testing on the optical signal succeeds.

A method and system for providing sub-band whitening are herein provided. According to one embodiment, a method estimating an interference whitening (IW) factor based on a legacy-long training field (LLTF) signal, updating the estimated IW factor during transmission of a data symbol, and scaling the data symbol based on the updated IW factor and the estimated IW factor.

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing schemes are described for power line communications to combat frequency-selective fading and intersymbol interference. These orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems may employ space-time coding and/or parallel cancellation to provide low receiver complexity, two-branch diversity, and much higher carrier-to-intercarrier-interference ratio as compared to other methods, such as self-cancellation.

A continuous time linear equalization (CTLE) circuit is disclosed. The CTLE circuit includes an input port, an output port, a first differential transistor pair coupled to the input port and the output port and a second differential transistor pair. The CTLE circuit further includes a first degenerative impedance circuit coupled between the first differential transistor pair and ground. The first degenerative impedance includes switchable components to vary impedance of the first degenerative impedance circuit. The CTLE circuit also includes a second degenerative impedance circuit coupled between the second differential transistor pair and ground. The second degenerative impedance includes switchable components to vary impedance of the second degenerative impedance circuit, wherein the resistive part of the impedance of the first degenerative impedance circuit is equal to the impedance of the second degenerative impedance circuit.

A method and apparatus for processing a signal to generate equalizer codes, which are used to control equalization of the signal, that comprises processing the signal to identify the eyes of the signal, and for each eye, calculating an eye height and calculating a noise value. For each eye, squaring the eye height to generate an eye height product and dividing the eye height product by the noise value to generate a Q.sup.2 value. Using the calculated Q.sup.2 values optimizing, through adaptation, the equalizer codes. Calculating the noise values may include calculating an ISI value for each band of the signal and then calculating the eye height for each eye as the difference between the adjacent upper average value and the adjacent lower average value. Then, for each eye, calculating a noise value by summing the ISI value for the band above the eye and the band below the eye.

In one embodiment, an apparatus includes first and second tuners to receive and process a radio frequency (RF) signal and output a first and second plurality of frequency domain sub-carriers. The apparatus may further include a combiner circuit to combine a first plurality of demodulated frequency domain sub-carriers and a second plurality of demodulated frequency domain sub-carriers into a plurality of combined frequency domain sub-carriers, and an output circuit coupled to the combiner circuit. In a first mode, the output circuit is to embed a format indicator with each of the plurality of combined frequency domain sub-carriers to indicate a frequency domain format, and to output the plurality of combined frequency domain sub-carriers with the embedded format indicator to a downstream processing circuit for channel decoding.