The techniques described herein relate to methods, apparatus, and computer readable media configured to decode modulated data. A modulated signal is received. A format of the modulated signal is determined, wherein the format can include a first format comprising a first type of modulated signal, or a second format comprising the first type of modulated signal and a second type of modulated signal that is different than the first type. The modulated signal is decoded by determining a frequency shift amount based on the format of the modulated signal, shifting a frequency band of the first type of modulated signal from an original position to a shifted position, thereby shifting a center frequency of the first type of modulated signal by the frequency shift amount, and filtering, based on the format of the modulated signal, signals outside of the frequency band of the shifted first type of modulated signal.

In an embodiment of the invention there is a cyclotronic actuator utilizing a high-voltage plasma driver connected to a first electrode. A second electrode is grounded and the two are isolated from each other by a dielectric plate. A magnet is positioned beneath the dielectric plate such that a coaxial dielectric barrier discharge plasma is formed outwardly between the first electrode across the dielectric plate. The magnet positioned beneath the dielectric plate introduces a magnetic field transverse to the plasma current path, such that the plasma discharge discharges radially and the local magnetic field is oriented vertically in a direction perpendicular to the dielectric plate to create a Lorentz Force, which forces the plasma discharge to move radially outwardly in a curved radial streamer mode pattern.

A frequency demodulated signal includes a frequency modulation in time that is shifted by a DC level corresponding to a carrier frequency offset. A number of different frequency offsets are applied to the frequency demodulated signal to generate a corresponding number of offset frequency demodulated signals. Each offset frequency demodulated signal is correlated against a reference signal and a determination is made as to which correlation produces a highest correlation value. One offset frequency demodulated signal of the number of offset frequency demodulated signals is then selected for output as an offset corrected frequency demodulated signal. The selected signal is the one having the highest correlation value.

A receiving circuit, a transmission circuit and a system capable of reducing the effect of noise are provided. The receiving circuit includes: a pulse width detection unit which determines whether or not the pulse width of a pulse signal outputted based on comparison between a received-signal voltage and a reference voltage is smaller than a predetermined width; a reference voltage setting unit which, when the pulse width is smaller than the predetermined width, sets the reference voltage to be equal to or higher than a predetermined voltage; and an output control unit which, when the pulse width is equal to or larger than the predetermined width, causes a digital signal based on the pulse signal to be outputted or, when the pulse width is smaller than the predetermined width, performs control not to output the digital signal.

A data carrier apparatus includes: a first determination unit configured to determine a duty ratio of each pulse of a pulse signal that is received; a second determination unit configured to determine a period of each pulse of the pulse signal; and a third determination unit configured to determine a value of data being carried by the pulse signal based on a determination result of the first determination unit and a determination result of the second determination unit.

A method of transmitting a Physical Layer Convergence Procedure (PLCP) frame in a Very High Throughput (VHT) Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) system includes generating a MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU) to be transmitted to a destination station (STA), generating a PLCP Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) by adding a PLCP header, including an L-SIG field containing control information for a legacy STA and a VHT-SIG field containing control information for a VHT STA, to the MPDU, and transmitting the PPDU to the destination STA. A constellation applied to some of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) symbols of the VHT-SIG field is obtained by rotating a constellation applied to an OFDM symbol of the L-SIGfield.

A method of transmitting a Physical Layer Convergence Procedure (PLCP) frame in a Very High Throughput (VHT) Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) system includes generating a MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU) to be transmitted to a destination station (STA), generating a PLCP Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) by adding a PLCP header, including an L-SIG field containing control information for a legacy STA and a VHT-SIG field containing control information for a VHT STA, to the MPDU, and transmitting the PPDU to the destination STA. A constellation applied to some of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) symbols of the VHT-SIG field is obtained by rotating a constellation applied to an OFDM symbol of the L-SIG field.

In a carrier detector, the simple latch is replaced with a pulse timer and reference control module which outputs logic high (H) when more than two consecutive toggled signals come within 1.5 baud periods and keeps logic high (H) until it misses a toggled signal for two baud periods. This carrier detector has a tolerance for a false detection which happens when the frequency shifts from lower to higher and the input amplitude level does not reach a detectable level. With this transition, the amplitude level at filter output becomes higher due to the transient response of the filter and eventually this would trigger the comparator for only one baud period. The deglitch circuit, however, ignores this clock edge in the carrier detector as provided herein.

A synchronizer can include a symbol estimator, an inner-pattern de-mapper, a timing tracker, and a correlator. The symbol estimator can be configured to estimate one or more symbols of a received signal based on a phase signal. The inner-pattern de-mapper can be configured to de-map the one or more symbols to generate an inner-pattern de-mapped symbol estimation. The timing tracker can be configured to accumulate the inner-pattern de-mapped symbol estimation and to determine a peak position based on the accumulated inner-pattern de-mapped symbol estimation. The correlator can be configured to correlate the accumulated inner-pattern de-mapped symbol estimation based on a reference signal. The correlation of the accumulated inner-pattern de-mapped symbol estimation can be independent of a signal over sampling rate (OSR). The synchronizer can be adapted in a long range Bluetooth low energy (BLE) receiver.

A method of transmitting a Physical Layer Convergence Procedure (PLCP) frame in a Very High Throughput (VHT) Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) system includes generating a MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU) to be transmitted to a destination station (STA), generating a PLCP Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) by adding a PLCP header, including an L-SIG field containing control information for a legacy STA and a VHT-SIG field containing control information for a VHT STA, to the MPDU, and transmitting the PPDU to the destination STA. A constellation applied to some of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) symbols of the VHT-SIG field is obtained by rotating a constellation applied to an OFDM symbol of the L-SIG field.